论《卡塔赫纳生物安全议定书》中与WTO规则冲突的贸易措施

本文介绍了《卡塔赫纳生物安全议定书》的贸易措施 ,以及其与《实施卫生和植物卫生措施协定》、《技术贸易壁垒协定》以及GATT1994等WTO规则的冲突 ,进而指出协调冲突的法律原则和我国的因应之策。     

加入WTO后我国生物技术产业发展战略

加入WTO后,我国生物技术产业将面临严峻的机遇与挑战,如何面对这一实际情况及采取哪些措施将直接影响目前还处于发展初期的我国生物技术产业,并对我国21世纪生物技术产业的可持续发展具有重要的意义,本文论述了我国生物技术产业发展现状,存在问题及国外发达国家生物技术产业发展现状,政策及法规,提出了加入WTO后适合我国国情的生物技术产业发展战略的建议。     

发展福建创汇蔬菜的对策

抓住加入WTO的机遇,开拓福建蔬菜出口市场;利用我省的劳力资源和地理区域优势,积极参与国际市场竞争,扩大蔬菜产品出口。     

Case studies on the use of biotechnologies and on biosafety provisions in four African countries

This review is based on a study commissioned by the European Commission on the evaluation of scientific, technical and institutional challenges, priorities and bottlenecks for biotechnologies and regional harmonisation of biosafety in Africa. Biotechnology was considered within four domains: agricultural biotechnologies (‘Green’), industrial biotechnologies and biotechnologies for environmental remediation (‘White’), biotechnologies in aquaculture (‘Blue’) and biotechnologies for healthcare (‘Red’). An important consideration was the decline in partnerships between the EU and developing countries because of the original public antipathy to some green biotechnologies, particularly genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and food from GM crops in Europe. The study focus reported here was West Africa (Ghana, Senegal, Mali and Burkina Faso).The overall conclusion was that whereas high-quality research was proceeding in the countries visited, funding is not sustained and there is little evidence of practical application of biotechnology and benefit to farmers and the wider community. Research and development that was being carried out on genetically modified crop varieties was concentrating on improving food security and therefore unlikely to have significant impact on EU markets and consumers. However, there is much non-controversial green biotechnology such as molecular diagnostics for plant and animal disease and marker-assisted selection for breeding that has great potential application. Regarding white biotechnology, it is currently occupying only a very small industrial niche in West Africa, basically in the sole sector of the production of liquid biofuels (i.e., bio-ethanol) from indigenous and locally planted biomass (very often non-food crops). The presence of diffused small-scale fish production is the basis to develop and apply new (Blue) aquaculture technologies and, where the research conditions and the production sector can permit, to increase this type of production and the economy of this depressed areas. However, the problems bound to environmental protection must not be forgotten; priority should be given to monitor the risks of introduction of foreign species. Red biotechnologies potentially bring a vast domain of powerful tools and processes to achieve better human health, most notably improved diagnostics by molecular techniques, better targeting of pathogens and a better knowledge of their sensitivities to drugs to permit better treatment.Biosafety regulatory frameworks had been initiated in several countries, starting with primary biosafety law. However, disparate attitudes to the purpose of biosafety regulation (e.g., fostering informed decision-making versus ‘giving the green-light for a flood of GMOs’) currently prevent a needed consensus for sub-regional harmonisation. To date, most R&D funding has come from North America with some commercial interests from Asia, but African biotechnology workers expressed strong desire for (re-)engagement with interested parties from the European Union. Although in some of the visited countries there are very well qualified personnel in molecular biology and biosafety/regulation, the main message received is that human resources and capacity building in-house are still needed. This could be achieved through home-based courses and capacity-building including funds for post-degree research to motivate and retain trained staff.     

Benefits and challenges of maintaining national plant pest lists: an analysis of agricultural pests in Bhutan

Developing and maintaining national plant pest lists helps fulfil international obligations for trading countries, and also provides a foundation for national biosecurity systems. However, if done, lists and analyses are rarely made publically available. We compiled a national plant pest list for Bhutan, a relatively small but agriculturally diverse country for which plant protection is a recent discipline. We treated this pest list as a case study to test the benefits and challenges of maintaining such lists. Six hundred and forty‐five pest species were recorded across 64 different crops. Of those, only 17.0% were listed for Bhutan in the widely used CABI Crop Protection Compendium. Most species (86.4%) were first recorded during the initial discovery phase (1985–88) of a long‐running European Community funded aid programme. Regular taxonomic changes means keeping pest lists up to date requires both effort and expertise (27.0% of the 407 species identified by 1988 have since undergone name changes). Confidence in taxonomic identifications reduced drastically as access to international expertise decreased, from about 69.1% of species being identified with high confidence prior to 1988 to 8.1% afterwards. Many recent records lacked reference material, and voucher specimens for older material are mostly located internationally, making any revision challenging. Of the best represented taxa, greatest taxonomic uncertainty was for nematodes and viruses. Similar patterns were evident for the 112 damaging pest species, defined as those that at least occasionally and locally cause significant losses or require management actions within Bhutan. Of the damaging pests identified to species, all but one was also recorded in India, Bhutan's most important trading partner, and only 16 were restricted to Asia. New damaging pests continue to be recorded, but only five species may represent new incursions since 1988. National pest lists are critical, but to be of greatest value they need to capture taxonomic uncertainty, and focus on pests of greatest significance. For most countries, the development, maintenance and use of a national plant pest list will require ongoing regional and global cooperation to overcome taxonomic impediments, and to maximise the benefits of such lists in terms of facilitating trade and guiding domestic biosecurity activities.     

我国特产资源产业化状况与发展战略

我国农林特产资源丰富 ,但产业化水平较低。随着我国农业产业化结构调整和WTO的加入 ,给特产资源的发展带来新的机遇 ,本文在分析了我国特产资源产业发展状况及存在的问题的同时 ,从科技创新、理论研究、产业示范、标准化接轨等方面对特产资源如何发展进行了探讨。     

Development of health biotechnology in developing countries: Can private-sector players be the prime movers?

Health biotechnology has rapidly become vital in helping healthcare systems meet the needs of the poor in developing countries. This key industry also generates revenue and creates employment opportunities in these countries. To successfully develop biotechnology industries in developing nations, it is critical to understand and improve the system of health innovation, as well as the role of each innovative sector and the linkages between the sectors. Countries' science and technology capacities can be strengthened only if there are non-linear linkages and strong interrelations among players throughout the innovation process; these relationships generate and transfer knowledge related to commercialization of the innovative health products. The private sector is one of the main actors in healthcare innovation, contributing significantly to the development of health biotechnology via knowledge, expertise, resources and relationships to translate basic research and development into new commercial products and innovative processes. The role of the private sector has been increasingly recognized and emphasized by governments, agencies and international organizations. Many partnerships between the public and private sector have been established to leverage the potential of the private sector to produce more affordable healthcare products. Several developing countries that have been actively involved in health biotechnology are becoming the main players in this industry. The aim of this paper is to discuss the role of the private sector in health biotechnology development and to study its impact on health and economic growth through case studies in South Korea, India and Brazil. The paper also discussed the approaches by which the private sector can improve the health and economic status of the poor.