早期断奶仔猪生理生化参数和脏器指数的变化

目的测定早期断奶仔猪血常规和血清生化参数、氨基酸浓度以及脏器指数常值,以供相关研究参考。方法分别采用全血细胞计数分析仪、全自动血液生化分析仪和全自动氨基酸分析仪等。结果断奶后第0、71、4、28天仔猪的血常规和血清生化参数、氨基酸浓度以及脏器指数均取得平均值和标准差。随着日龄的增加,WBC总数和分类计数不断增加,然后趋于稳定;MCV和PDW先降低后升高,第7天时最低;MCH和MCHC不断升高,第14天时最高。TP、LAC和Mg2+的浓度有升高趋势;P、BUN、TCHO和GLU的浓度以及LPS、CK和GPT的活性先降低后升高;AMM的活性和Zn2+、Na+、Cl-的浓度先升高后降低,第7天时最高,然后趋于稳定;TG的浓度在第14天时开始显著下降,然后趋于稳定;ALP的活性先升高后降低,第14天时最高。Asp的浓度不断增加,Cys的浓度不断降低,Ser、Ala、Leu、Phe、Gly、Val、Met、Lys、His、Pro、BCAA、AAA和总氨基酸的浓度先升高后降低,第7天时的浓度最高。肾脏指数不断下降,至第28天时趋于稳定;胃、颌下淋巴结和肝脏指数第7天时最大,脾脏指数第14天时最大。结论随着日龄的增加,早期断奶仔猪多数血常规和血清生化参数、氨基酸浓度及脏器指数表现不同的变化规律。     

Use of hydrolysates from Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) viscera as a complex nitrogen source for lactic acid bacteria

Hydrolysates of cod viscera were tested as an alternative to commonly used complex nitrogen sources (peptones and/or extracts) for the type strains of the lactic acid bacteria Lactococcus lactis, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus helveticus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus sakei and Pediococcus pentosaceus. Comparative studies with MRS-like media containing different nitrogen sources showed that all the fish hydrolysates performed equally well or better than commercial extracts/peptones for all selected lactic acid bacteria.     

Hydrolysates from Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) viscera as components of microbial growth media

Three hydrolysates made from cod viscera by different enzymatic hydrolysis procedures were tested as a combined source for nitrogen, amino acids and vitamins in microbial growth media. Using a panel of five different microbes: Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Lactobacillus sakei, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Aspergillus niger, the performance of these viscera hydrolysates was compared to the performance of common commercial peptones in an automated growth analyzer (Bioscreen C). The results show that the fish hydrolysates in general are promising alternatives to currently available commercial nitrogen sources of other origins. In the case of the food-grade and nutritionally fastidious L. sakei, two of the fish hydrolysates were clearly superior to all tested commercial peptones. For several microbes, the choice of the proteolytic enzymes used to produce the fish hydrolysate had considerable impact on performance of the resulting hydrolysate, both in terms of maximum growth rate and biomass production. In terms of hydrolysate performance, the generally best enzyme for production of a fish peptone from cod viscera was found to be Alcalase.     

芦笋对高脂饮食小鼠脏器指数及血生化的影响

目的探究芦笋对高脂饮食小鼠脏器指数以及血生化的影响。方法将实验动物随机分为正常组、高脂饮食组、高脂饮食低剂量芦笋组、高脂饮食中剂量芦笋组、高脂饮食高剂量芦笋组、高脂饮食阳性对照组。其中正常组喂食正常饲料,其余组喂食高脂饲料。分别灌胃蒸馏水(正常组、高脂饮食组)、芦笋1.05g/(kg·d)(高脂饮食低剂量芦笋组)、芦笋2.10g/(kg·d)(高脂饮食中剂量芦笋组)、芦笋4.20g/(kg·d)(高脂饮食高剂量芦笋组)、降脂理肝汤1.19g/(kg·d)(高脂饮食阳性对照组),每天2次,每次0.35mL。比较分析小鼠的脏器指数及血生化活性。结果脏器方面:高脂饮食中剂量芦笋组小鼠的肝脏指数最低,但与高脂饮食组相比差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。高脂饮食低剂量芦笋组小鼠的脾脏指数最高,并且高脂饮食低剂量芦笋组雌性与正常组雌性相比差异有统计学意义(t=1.486,P0.05)。胸腺指数中高脂饮食低剂量芦笋组小鼠的相对于高脂饮食中剂量芦笋组和高脂饮食高剂量芦笋组而言是最高的,但与高脂饮食组相比差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。血生化方面:高脂饮食低剂量芦笋组、高脂饮食中剂量芦笋组以及高脂饮食高剂量芦笋组小鼠的总胆固醇(TC)以及甘油三酯(TG)水平低于高脂饮食组,但与高脂饮食组相比差异无统计学意义(P0.05),其中高脂饮食低剂量芦笋组中的TC、TG水平最低,而高脂饮食高剂量芦笋组相应的数值最高。芦笋治疗组小鼠在高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)方面高于正常组与高脂饮食组,但差异无统计学意义(P0.05),其中高脂饮食低、中、高剂量芦笋三组相比,低剂量芦笋组小鼠的HDL-C数值最低,而在LDL-C方面三组差异无统计学意义。结论高脂饮食中剂量芦笋能够降低高脂饮食小鼠的肝脏指数,高脂饮食低剂量芦笋对小鼠脾脏以及胸腺等免疫器官具有一定的促进作用,而高剂量芦笋则对小鼠脾脏以及胸腺等免疫器官具有一定的抑制作用。芦笋能降低小鼠的TC、TG水平,其中低剂量的芦笋效果最好。芦笋能提高小鼠HDL-C和LDL-C的含量。     

Purification and characterization of two pepsins from the stomach of pectoral rattail (Coryphaenoides pectoralis)

Two pepsins (A and B) were purified from the stomach of pectoral rattail (Coryphaenoides pectoralis) by acidification, ammonium sulfate precipitation, gel filtration chromatography and anion exchange chromatography to obtain a single band on native-PAGE and SDS-PAGE. The purities of pepsin A and B were increased to 7.1- and 13.0-fold with approximately 5.7% and 2.2% yield, respectively. Pepsin A and B had the apparent molecular weights of 35 and 31 kDa, respectively, when analyzed using SDS-PAGE and Sephacryl S-200 gel filtration. Pepsin A and B showed maximal activity at pH 3.0 and 3.5, respectively, and had the same optimal temperature at 45 °C using hemoglobin as a substrate. Both pepsin A and B were stable in the pH range of 2.0–6.0 but were unstable at the temperatures greater than 40 °C. Activity of both pepsins was inhibited by pepstatin A and was activated by divalent cations, indicating pepsin characteristics. Activities of both pepsins continuously decreased as NaCl concentration increased (0–30%). The enzymes had high affinity and activity toward hemoglobin with K_m and K_cat values of 98–152 μM and 32–50 S^− 1, respectively. Purified pepsins generally showed the similar characteristics to other fish pepsins.     

Transcriptome and toxin family analysis of the paralysis tick, Ixodes holocyclus

The Australian paralysis tick (Ixodes holocyclus) secretes neuropathic toxins into saliva that induce host paralysis. Salivary glands and viscera were dissected from fully engorged female I. holocyclus ticks collected from dogs and cats with paralysis symptoms. cDNA from both tissue samples were sequenced using Illumina HiSeq 100?bp pair end read technologies. Unique and non-redundant holocyclotoxin sequences were designated as HT2–HT19, as none were identical to the previously described HT1. Specific binding to rat synaptosomes was determined for synthetic HTs, and their neurotoxic capacity was determined by neonatal mouse assay. They induced a powerful paralysis in neonatal mice, particularly HT4 which produced rapid and strong respiratory distress in all animals tested. This is the first known genomic database developed for the Australian paralysis tick. The database contributed to the identification and subsequent characterization of the holocyclotoxin family that will inform the development of novel anti-paralysis control methods.     

L－赖氨酸盐酸盐精制与研究

利用Ｄ型—大孔吸附树脂处理工业品Ｌ－赖氨酸盐酸盐,其精制品含量高,收得率高,适用于工业化生产。精制品可以用于氨基酸输液或其它氨基酸制剂中,也可做食品添加剂使用。     

Trypsin from the pyloric caeca of bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix)

Trypsin was purified from the pyloric caeca of bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix) by ammonium sulfate precipitation, acetone precipitation and soybean trypsin inhibitor-Sepharose 4B affinity chromatography. Bluefish trypsin migrated as a single band using both sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and native-PAGE and had a molecular mass of 28 kDa. The optima pH and temperature for the hydrolysis of benzoyl-dl-arginine-p-nitroanilide (BAPNA) were 9.5 and 55 °C, respectively. The enzyme was stable over a broad pH range (7 to 12), but was unstable at acidic pH, and at temperatures greater than 40 °C. The enzyme was inhibited by specific trypsin inhibitors: soybean trypsin inhibitor (SBTI), N-p-tosyl-l-lysine chloromethyl ketone (TLCK) and the serine protease inhibitor phenylmethyl sulfonylfluoride (PMSF). CaCl₂ partially protected trypsin against activity loss at 40 °C, but NaCl (0 to 30%) decreased the activity in a concentration dependent manner. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of trypsin was determined as IVGGYECKPKSAPVQVSLNL and was highly homologous to other known vertebrate trypsins.     

DA大鼠的繁殖性能及部分生物学特性参数的测定

目的建立我国新的近交系品系DA种群,观察其生长繁殖性能及部分生物学特性。方法从丹麦M＆B公司引进近交系大鼠DA,建立种群,从其扩大群中随机抽取15对鼠,统计其繁殖率;抽取50只DA鼠（雌雄各半）测其部分血液生化。结果近交系种群扩大成功,DA大鼠平均产仔数为5．5,成活率为90.8％,所测生理生化值接近Wistar大鼠。结论DA大鼠已适应我国环境,种群引进成功;性别对脏器重量、系数和血生化影响显著。     

Three Wnt genes expressed in a wide variety of tissues during development of the zebrafish,Danio rerio: developmental and evolutionary perspectives

 Proteins encoded by the Wnt family of genes act as signals and have been shown to play important roles in a wide variety of developmental processes. Here we describe the cloning of three Wnt family members from the zebrafish, Danio rerio, which encode proteins with homology to murine Wnt-2, -4 and -5A/B. The expression patterns of the latter two zebrafish genes, designated ZfWnt4 and ZfWnt5 show considerable similarity with their homologues in other vertebrates; ZfWnt2, however, is expressed in the developing viscera in a pattern distinct from its closest murine homologue. In the light of the similarities and differences in the patterns of expression of these genes relative to their homologues in other vertebrates, we speculate on their possible functions. Received 24 October 1995 / Accepted in revised form: 16 January 1996