The control of bud dormancy in potato tubers

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tuber buds normally remain dormant through the growing season until several weeks after harvest. In the cultivar Majestic, this innate dormancy persisted for 9 to 12 weeks in storage at 10° C, but only 3 to 4 weeks when the tubers were stored at 2° C. At certain stages, supplying cytokinins to tubers with innately dormant buds induced sprout growth within 2 d. The growth rate was comparable to that of buds whose innate dormancy had been lost naturally. Cytokinin-treatment did not accelerate the rates of cell division and cell expansion in buds whose innate dormancy had already broken naturally. Gibberellic acid did not induce sprout growth in buds with innate dormancy. We conclude that cytokinins may well be the primary factor in the switch from innate dormancy to the non-dormant state in potato tuber buds, but probably do not control the subsequent sprout growth.Abbreviations tio ⁶ade 6-(4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-trans-2-enyl amino)purine, zeatin - tio⁶ado 6-(4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-trans-2-enyl amino)-9--D-ribofuranosyl purine, zeatin riboside     

中国地下真菌新种和新记录(一)

本文报道了我国地下真菌3个新种和2个新记录,它们是:太原块菌Tuber taiyuanense Liu sp.nov.,苍岩山层腹菌Hymenogaster cangyan-shanensis Liu sp.nov.,山西须腹菌Rhizopogon shanxiensis Liu sp.nov.,棱孢层腹菌Hymenogaster fusisporus(Massee et Rodway)G.H.Cunningham以及小硬皮腹菌Sclerogaster minor Coker et Coudl。     

Dormancy inDioscorea: Different temperature adaptation of seeds,bulbils and subterranean organs in relation to north-south distribution

Temperature dependencies of sprouting and germination were compared for subterranean perennating organs and seeds of ten closely related species of the genusDioscorea (Dioscoreaceae), a group of monocotyledonous summer perennials which are distributed from the tropics to the subarctic. The species used wereD. nipponica Makino,D. tokoro Makino,D. japonica Thunb.,D. tenuipes Franch. et Savat.,D. septemloba Thunb.,D. quinqueloba Thunb.,D. izuensis Akahori,D. bulbifera L. f.spontanea (Makino) Makino et Nemoto,D. pentaphylla. L. andD. alata L.; they are distributed from cold northern areas to warmer southern areas approximately in this order in and around Japan. Bulbil sprouting was also studied in those forming bulbils. Subterranean organs of the tropical species sprouted faster without any prior temperature treatment, whereas those of species from the more northern areas sprouted after prechilling. Northern species required longer, periods of prechilling for sprouting. On the other hand, with seeds or bulbils, the southern species required longer periods of prior temperature treatment for dormancy breaking. This difference in the length of dormant periods between seeds or bulbils and subterranean organs among the ten species may be related to their size and position of shedding; seeds or bulbils are small and are shed on the ground surface, whereas subterranean organs are large and are located below the surface. It is important to determine in other perennials whether the above relation between dormant features of seeds or bulbils and subterranean organs are common properties or not.     

中国块菌属一新种

本文描述了块菌属(Tuber)的一个新种,巨孢块菌(Tuber gigantosporum)。这一新种1989年采于四川省会东县。它的子囊孢子特殊大,一般105—115×75μm,最大可达120×80μm,小者亦可达80×55μm。而块菌属已知种的子囊孢子的大小一般在21—52×15—38μm范围内,最大也不超过90×60μm。仅此一点已使其明显区别于该属任何已知种。此外,该种孢子壁异常厚,可达14μm,有三层,也是别于其它块菌已知种的重要特征。该块菌生于地下,与云南松有共生关系。模式标本保存在中国科学院沈阳应用生态所植物标本室(IFS)。     

不同钾水平对钾饥饿墨兰碳水化合物和蛋白质含量的影响

墨兰（Ｃｙｍｂｉｄｉｕｍｓｉｎｅｎｓｅ（Ａｎｄｒ．）Ｗｉｌｌｄ）植株经过钾饥饿后,无上栽培于不同钾浓度的培养液中．随着钾浓度的升高（５ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ）,体内可溶性糖、淀粉、纤维素和蛋白质含量比对照分别增加１２５、１１７、１２７和４１％,而还原糖和游离氨基酸含量则比对照分别下降４４％和２４％．假球茎是贮藏还原糖、可溶性糖、淀粉、游离氨基酸和蛋白质的主要器官,叶片是纤维素最多的器官．钾供应充足时,叶片丙酮酸激酶活性明显加强（比对照强１５倍）,而硝酸还原酶活性也加强（比对照强０．８倍）．本文对钾促进墨兰生长发育和抗病等原因加以讨论．并初步提出诊断墨兰体内钾状况的三种生理指标．     

Rapid typing of truffle mycorrhizal roots by PCR amplification of the ribosomal DNA spacers

DNA analyses were developed to type mycorrhizas of two Tuber species of commercial value (T. melanosporum, T. borchii) and a competitive fungus (Sphaerosporella brunnea) which forms ectomycorrhizas with plants usually considered hosts for truffles. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of DNA isolated from fruitbodies, mycelia, mycorrhizas and leaves of host plants, was performed with a primer pair for an internal transcribed spacer ITS1-4. ITS amplification followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the amplified products clearly distinguished the two Tuber species at the fruitbody, mycorrhiza and mycelium levels. Accepted: 6 September 1996     

寄生双孢蘑菇的蛛网丝枝霉中国变种

1980—1981年自北京、福州、三明、泉州、漳州、厦门和昆明等地双孢蘑菇[Agaricusbisporus(Lange)Sing]病菇上和不出蘑菇的培养料内,分离到一种真菌。在 PDA 培养基上的培养性状,肉眼观察与蘑菇轮枝菌(Verticillium psalliotae Tresch.)极难区别。根据其分生孢子和瓶梗的形态及其在匐匍气丝上的排列情况等,鉴定为珠网丝枝霉。因具短棒状原瓶梗,认为是一新变种,定名为珠网丝枝霉中国变种 Aphanocladium aranearum(Petch)W.Gams var.sinense J.D.Chen var.nov.它是双孢蘑菇的重要害菌之一。这个“属”和“种”都是我国的新记录。在猴头(Hericium erinaceus)、香菇(Lentinus edo-des),糙皮侧耳(Pleurotus ostreatus)上和水稻土中也有少量分布。     

Ribosome metabolism in hormone-treated Jerusalem artichoke tuber slices in the absence and presence of 5-fluorouracil

In order to examine the relation of protein synthesis to the onset of growth, changes in ribosome content and activity were compared in aged, metabolically active Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) slices incubated in water or 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid+kinetin. In water, cells do not grow or divide and rRNA and protein levels remain constant. The percentage membrane-bound (mb) ribosomes drops from 25% to 16% during 24h. At the same time the proportion of ribosomes active in protein synthesis in both free and mb populations declines from about 69% to 54%. In auxin+kinetin, cell expansion occurs and is accompanied by a 3-fold increase in rRNA and a 50% increase in total protein content. The percentage mb ribosomes remains at 25% throughout 48 h of growth. During the first 24h of growth 70% of ribosomes in both free and mb populations are active; this value declines to near water levels at 48 h. Considering the large increase in total ribosomes the number of synthetically active ribosomes is substantially increased during growth. 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) does not inhibit hormone induced growth but does depress total rRNA content by about one-third. It also reduces [³H]uridine incorporation into ribosomes by 70% and the newly made ribosomes are mostly inactive in protein synthesis. On the other hand, the inhibitor does not significantly affect the proportion of total ribosomes active in protein synthesis and only partially reduces protein accumulation during the second 24 h of growth. It is suggested that while ribosome production is reduced in 5-FU, ribosome turnover is also retarded resulting in retention of near normal capacity for protein synthesis and growth.     

Comparison of Chemical Composition in Tuber aestivum Vittad. of Different Geographical Origin

Truffles are prized and nutrition‐rich edible hypogeous fungi. The aim of this study was a comprehensive investigation of chemical composition of Burgundy truffle (Tuber aestivum Vittad .). We tried to answer the question: what is the impact of the environment on the truffle quality. To know the nutritional value of Burgundy truffle we compared lipids, proteins, saccharides, polyphenolics, flavonoids, total sterols, ergosterol, volatile flavour and aroma compounds content in fruit bodies of the fungus collected in three different geographical regions, i.e., Poland, Slovakia, and Italy. A comparison of the above mentioned compounds is especially interesting due to environmental and climatic differences among the studied geographical regions. Results revealed that fruit bodies of T. aestivum from Poland and Slovakia possessed nearly similar content of proteins, total sterols, and saccharides. The fruiting bodies from Italy contained significantly larger amounts of most of the investigated compounds. In turn, Polish specimens had higher content of lipids and polyphenolics than Slovak and Italian ones. We have found higher similarity of volatile compounds composition between Polish and Italian specimens than those of Polish and Slovak origin.     

Essential Elements as a Distinguishing Factor between Mycorrhizal Potentials of Two Cohabiting Truffle Species in Riparian Forest Habitat in Serbia

True truffles (Tuber sp.) that establish ectomycorrhizal symbiosis (ECM) with trees in the Mediterranean and temporal regions have species specific abilities to assimilate soil born elements. Suitable habitats are usually inhabited by few truffle species, while distinguishing their symbiotic potentials appeared very difficult. Two species that commonly inhabit riparian forests in Serbia are the most prized one, Tuber magnatum Pico (Piedmont white truffle) and not so highly valued Tuber brumale Vitt . In order to assess potential differences between their assimilation and accumulation abilities, the differences between contents of elements that may be the subjects of the symbiotic trade between the host plant and fungi were evaluated in accumulation target (ascocarps) and their source (the soil). Essential (K, Na, Ca, Mg, Fe, P, S, and Zn) and essential trace elements (Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, and Se) in truffles and soil samples were determined by means of inductively coupled plasma with optical emission spectrometry (ICP‐OES). Their concentrations (mg/kg) in ascocarps were in the range from 1.364±0.591 (Cr) to 10760.862±16.058 (K), while in soil ranged from 23.035±0.010 (Cr) to 20809.300±122.934 (Fe). Element accumulation potential (bioaccumulation factor) was calculated in the system truffle/soil. The statistical approaches were used for establishing the differences, while the possible differentiation between symbiotic potentials of two mycelia in the defined soil conditions was discussed.