作物的三种种质资源

根据植物有性杂交中基因可否从一种植物转移到另一种植物,将作物的种质资源分为三种,即可转移性资源、不可转移性资源和障碍性转移资源。这三种资源在所有的作物种类中都存在。但随生物科学的发展,不可转移性资源会减少,可转移性资源和障碍性转移资源会增加。     

Molecular Simulation of Adsorption of Guest Molecules in Zeolitic Materials: A Comparative Study of Intermolecular Potentials

Abstract

Grand Canonical Monte Carlo simulation, together with an appropriate guest-host forcefield is shown to provide reasonably accurate predictions of adsorption properties of guest molecules in a variety of zeolitic materials. The use of a simple guest-host Kiselev-type potential permits the calculations to capture the essence of the behavior of simple guest-host systems such as rare gases or methane molecules in neutral AlPO₄-5. However, a full scale potential is needed in the more complex cases of large anisotropic molecules adsorbed in cationic zeolites (such as xylene isomers in faujasite). The guest-host potential model developed by Nicholson and coworkers is shown to allow an excellent transferability of the potential parameters from one guest/host system to another.     

Characteristics and transferability of new apple EST-derived SSRs to other Rosaceae species

Genic microsatellites or simple sequence repeat markers derived from expressed sequence tags (ESTs), referred to as EST–SSRs, are inexpensive to develop, represent transcribed genes, and often have assigned putative function. The large apple (Malus × domestica) EST database (over 300,000 sequences) provides a valuable resource for developing well-characterized DNA molecular markers. In this study, we have investigated the level of transferability of 68 apple EST–SSRs in 50 individual members of the Rosaceae family, representing three genera and 14 species. These representatives included pear (Pyrus communis), apricot (Prunus armeniaca), European plum (P. domestica), Japanese plum (P. salicina), almond (P. dulcis), peach (P. persica), sour cherry (P. cerasus), sweet cherry (P. avium), strawberry (Fragaria vesca, F. moschata, F. virginiana, F. nipponica, and F. pentaphylla), and rose (Rosa hybrida). All 68 primer pairs gave an amplification product when tested on eight apple cultivars, and for most, the genomic DNA-derived amplification product matched the expected size based on EST (in silico) data. When tested across members of the Rosaceae, 75% of these primer pairs produced amplification products. Transferability of apple EST–SSRs across the Rosaceae ranged from 25% in apricot to 59% in the closely related pear. Besides pear, the highest transferability of these apple EST–SSRs, at the genus level, was observed for strawberry and peach/almond, 49 and 38%, respectively. Three markers amplified in at least one genotype within all tested species, while eight additional markers amplified in all species, except for cherry. These 11 markers are deemed good candidates for a widely transferable Rosaceae marker set provided their level of polymorphism is adequate. Overall, these findings suggest that transferability of apple EST–SSRs across Rosaceae is varied, yet valuable, thereby providing additional markers for comparative mapping and for carrying out evolutionary studies.     

Characterization of new microsatellite loci from the razor clam (Sinonovacula constricta) and transferability to related species

Simple sequence repeats (SSRs) have been widely used in marine animals, but were seldom used directly to test intra- and inter-specific transferability in the populations of related species. 19 new pairs of microsatellite primers were obtained from Sinonovacula constricta. The allele number of these markers ranged from 3 to 15. The observed and expected heterozygosities changed from 0.033 to 1.000 and from 0.033 to 0.912, respectively. Three loci (SC3-8, SC3-19, and SC4-17) significantly deviated from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium after Bonferroni correction, and none of the loci showed linkage disequilibrium. In addition, the transferability of all polymorphic SSRs was assessed in three closely related species. The results showed that four loci were informative in Solen strictus (SC2-11, SC2-12, SC4-19 and SC2-2) and Cultellus attenuates (SC2-2, SC4-9, SC4-19 and SC3-11), respectively, and two loci (SC2-2 and SC2-11) were informative in Solen grandis. These loci will be useful for the evaluation of genetic diversity, connectivity among related species and stock management.     

SSRs transferability and genetic diversity of Tunisian Festuca arundinacea and Lolium perenne

SSR primers specific to Lolium perenne generated a total of 96 alleles and 124 genotypes within Festuca arundinacea and Lolium perenne accessions. Their highly transferability (100 %) across genera was evidenced. Six alleles specific to loci H01F02, H02C11 and K01A03 and only 5/96 common alleles between both species (60, 140, 144, 190 and 192) expressed the differentiation between species. Besides, based on the Wrights fixation indices, the genetic variation within each species was attributable to differences within populations with a significant deficiency of heterozygous. The unweighted pair group method with arithmetic averaging dendrogram based on the Nei’s distances and the principal coordinate analysis based on Jaccard coefficient similarity distinguished each genus independently of the geographical origin. However, typically continuous genetic diversity and a low level of gene flow (N_m: 0.29–2.47) expressed the relatively closely relationships of both genera and suggest a possible hybridization in nature.     

The Transferability of Nuclear Microsatellite Markers in Four Castanopsis Species to Castanopsis tibetana (Fagaceae)

Castanopsis tibetana is a typical and dominant component in subtropical evergreen broad leaved forests of China. However, its genetic diversity and long term persistence have been jeopardized by habitat fragmentation. To examine its genetic diversity and genetic structure, cross species amplification of 51 microsatellite loci which are derived from four congeneric species, ie., Castanopsis chinensis, Csclerophylla, Ccuspidata and Csieboldii, were tested in Ctibetana.Thirty five loci were successfully amplified in Ctibetana, among them 11 were polymorphic across four wild populations of Ctibetana (24 individuals in total). Genetic diversity of four Ctibetana populations (Jiangxi) was relatively low. The number of alleles (NA) ranged from 2 to 7 (average 45) and the ranges of observed (HO) and expected (HE) heterozygosities were 0505 and 0471,respectively. The results will facilitate the study and conservation of genetic diversity of Ctibetana.     

中国板栗EST-SSR信息分析及其通用性

从已公布的壳斗科(Fagaceae)基因组数据库中获得48501条中国板栗(Castanea mollissima)EST序列,其中8479条EST含有12116个长度大于10 bp的SSR,EST-SSR的出现频率为24.98%。二核苷酸重复和三核苷酸重复是中国板栗EST-SSR最主要的重复类型,分别占总数的38.05%和42.20%。对中国板栗EST-SSR标记在茅栗(C.seguinii)和锥栗(C.henryi)上的通用性检测表明,677对中国板栗EST-SSR引物皆能扩增,证实这些引物在栗属中国特有种间具有很高的通用性。115个位点的多态性分析表明,中国板栗、茅栗和锥栗分别有106、108和101个位点表现出多态性。在575个等位基因中,有260个(45.22%)是3物种的共有等位基因,各物种都有各自特有的等位基因。这项研究为中国栗属植物EST-SSR标记的建立及应用奠定了基础。     

Development and interspecific transferability of genic microsatellite markers in Spartina spp. with different genome size

Flow cytometry analysis showed variation of nuclear DNA content among different species of Spartina. Spartina alterniflora had the biggest genome (1763.9 Mbp) and S. cynosuroides had the smallest genome (756.35 Mbp), whereas the genomes of S. patens (969.36 Mbp) and S. spartinae (979.78 Mbp) were comparable. Mining simple sequence repeats (SSR) from 1227 expressed sequence tags (EST) generated from salt stressed S. alterniflora showed an abundance of di- and tri-nucleotide repeats. Of 100 ESSR (EST-derived SSR) loci with five or more repeats, 81 loci were successfully amplified in eight S. alterniflora genotypes and 15 (22.2%) ESSR markers were polymorphic. Eleven of the 15 polymorphic ESSRs showed amplification across six different species of Spartina while 100% cross transferability was observed with at least one species of Spartina. The average number of alleles per marker was 3.9 and 5.8 within S. alterniflora and among Spartina species, respectively. The ESSR markers discriminated different members within and between species of Spartina genus.     

An indicator system for identification of sites of high conservation value for saproxylic oak (Quercus spp.) beetles in southern Sweden

The saproxylic beetle fauna on old oaks was sampled in four regions of southern Sweden using two methods: window and pitfall trapping. The aim was to test a way of finding indicator species which can be used to identify sites with high species number or that scored high on a conservation priority species index, based on occurrence of red-listed species. From 92 sites surveyed, in total 164 species of saproxylic beetles were identified. Different sets of indicator species were selected based upon 22 sites from a centrally located region. Predictions of species number and the index for 30 other sites from the same province were made. The correlation between observed and predicted species number and the index increased with increasing number of indicators. When comparing different treatment of species indata, the explanatory power of predictions was strongest for presence/absence data. Indicator sets of species effectively caught with pitfall traps gave overall the best predictions of both species number and the index. Predictions of species number and the index worked well within the same regions but gave varied result for the three other regions which shows that transferability of indicators between regions may be doubtful.     

Development of two loquat [Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl.] linkage maps based on AFLPs and SSR markers from different Rosaceae species

Loquat [Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl.] is a Rosaceae fruit species of growing interest as an alternative to the main fruit crops. However, only a few genetic studies have been carried out on this species. This paper reports the construction of the first genetic maps of two loquat cultivars based on AFLP and microsatellite markers from Malus, Eriobotrya, Pyrus and Prunus genera. An F₁ population consisting of 81 individuals, derived from the cross between ‘Algerie’ and ‘Zaozhong-6’ cultivars, was used to construct both maps. A total of 111 scorable simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci resulted from the testing of 440 SSR primer pairs in the analyzed progeny and the SSR transferability to Eriobotrya was found to be 74% from apple, 58% from pear and 49% from Prunus spp. In addition, 183 AFLP polymorphic bands were produced using 42 primer combinations. The ‘Algerie’ map was organized in 17 linkage groups covering a distance of 900 cM and comprising 177 loci (83 SSRs and 94 AFLPs) with an average marker distance of 5.1 cM. Self-incompatibility trait was mapped at the distal part of the LG17 linkage group, as previously reported in Malus and Pyrus. The ‘Zaozhong-6’ map covered 870 cM comprising 146 loci (64 SSRs and 82 AFLPs) with an average marker distance of 5.9 cM. The 44 SSRs and the 48 AFLPs share in common by both maps were essentially collinear and, moreover, the order of the 75% of apple and pear SSRs mapped in Eriobotrya was shown to be consistent across the Maloideae subfamily. As a whole, these maps represent a useful tool to facilitate loquat breeding and an interesting framework for map comparison in the Rosaceae.