Vascular response in a non-uterine site to implantation-stage embryos following interspecies transfers between the rat,mouse, and guinea-pig

Summary Pre-implantation-stage embryos from rats, mice, and guinea-pigs were transferred to a non-uterine site — the anterior chamber of the eye — of female recipients. All 9 combinations of transfers were performed: 3 allogeneic (intraspecies) transfers as controls, and 6 xenogeneic (interspecies) transfers. Implantation, as judged by extravasation from blood vessels of the iris or ciliary body occurred with success rates of 90.4% per transfer in the control rat group, 76.9% in the control mouse group, and 81.8% in the control guinea-pig group. Significantly reduced implantation rates occurred in the rat to guinea-pig (0%), mouse to rat (46.9%), mouse to guinea-pig (6.7%), and guinea-pig to rat (0%) groups compared to controls. Reductions, although not significant, also occurred in the other 2 groups: rat to mouse (77.8%), and guinea-pig to mouse (44.4%). These results together with some ultrastructural and lightmicroscopical observations suggest a degree of species specificity involved in the vascular response to the implanting embryo. We propose that the peri-implantation embryo produces a signal(s) which is to some extent species specific and which in the normal allogeneic situation is responsible for the early vascular effects seen at implantation in most eutherian mammals.     

Co-expression of the proto-oncogene fos (c-fos) and an embryonic interferon (ovine trophoblastin) by sheep conceptuses during implantation.

Expression of the c-fos proto-oncogene by ovine conceptuses was analyzed by Northern and slot blots and indirect immunohistofluorescence in relation to the expression of the embryonic interferon-alpha (oTP) during implantation. c-fos was expressed initially in the trophoblast, and then in the allantois, when this tissue began to develop (day 17). In the embryonic tissues, the c-fos proto-oncogene was weakly expressed up to day 22 and increased thereafter. In the trophoblast, the expression of c-fos proto-oncogene was transient, occurring when the oTP gene was transcribed at a maximal level at the beginning of implantation (days 14-15), and decreased thereafter, following the pattern of oTP gene expression. This decline is due essentially to the arrest of c-fos and oTP gene expression by the trophoblastic cells which established cellular contacts with the uterine epithelium during the implantation process.     

Effect of Centchroman (67/20) and 78/224 on nucleic acid and protein biosynthesis during implantation in rats

The biosynthesis of nucleic acids and proteins was studied in rat uterus by following the incorporation of [³H]-thymidine, [³H]-uridineand[¹⁴C]-leucinein control and pregnant rats in the presence and absence of two anti-implantation drugs. One of the drugs, 78/224 caused a significant increase in incorporation whereas the other drug, Centchroman, caused an inhibition in incorporation of all the three precursors. The implications of these changes in the light of estrogenicity, agonist and antagonist actions of anti-estrogens have been analysed. The importance of homeostatic mechanisms involved in nucleic acids and proteins for the maintenance of constant internal milieu for blastocyst attachment has been discussed.     

Valve movement of the freshwater mussel Anodonta anatina: a reciprocal transplant experiment between lake and river

The effects of source and caging on the valve movements of the freshwater unionid mussel (Anodonta anatina) were studied in a reciprocal transplant experiment between a lake and its outflow. Caged mussels were moved and compared with those remaining in their natural environment on the lake or river bottom. At both sites, the mussels from the study site and the transplanted mussels from the opposite site were monitored simultaneously. In river the averaged weighted valve openness was higher and the number of valve movements was lower than in the lake. The mussels monitored in the lake exhibited a diurnal rhythm of valve movements which differed between the lake-bottom and the caged animals. Caging was found to increase valve openness. On the other hand, little variation appeared in valve openness between caged and bottom animals in the river, where diurnal rhythms were almost nonexistent. In the river the valve movements were more variable in respect to time than in the lake.     

Competition between electron acceptors in photosynthesis: Regulation of the malate valve during CO2 fixation and nitrite reduction

For maximal rates of CO₂ assimilation in isolated intact spinach chloroplasts the generation of the adequate NADPH/ATP ratio is achieved either by cyclic electron flow around photosystem I or by linear electron transport to oxaloacetate, nitrite or oxygen (Mehler-reaction). The interrelationships between these poising mechanisms turn out to be strictly hierarchical. In the presence of antimycin A, an inhibitor of ferredoxin-dependent cyclic electron transport, the reduction of both, oxaloacetate and nitrite, but not that of oxygen restores CO₂ fixation. When oxaloacetate and nitrite are added at low concentrations simultaneously during steady-state CO₂ fixation, the reduction of nitrite is clearly preferred over the reduction of oxaloacetate, but CO₂ fixation is not influenced. Nitrite reduction is not decreased upon addition of oxaloacetate, but vice versa. This is due to the regulation of NADP-malate dehydrogenase activation by electron pressure via the ferredoxin/thioredoxin system on the one hand, and by the NADPH/(NADP+NADPH) ratio (anabolic reduction charge, ARC) on the other hand. Thus the closing of the malate valve prevents drainage of reducing equivalents from the chloroplast (1) when a low ARC indicates a high demand for NADPH in the stroma and (2) when nitrite reduction reduces the electron pressure at ferredoxin. The malate valve is opened when cyclic electron transport is inhibited by antimycin A. Under these conditions the rate of malate formation is higher than in the absence of the inhibitor even in the presence of oxaloacetate, thus indicating that the regulation of the malate valve functions at various redox states of the acceptor side of Photosystem I.Abbreviations ARC anabolic reduction charge (NADPH/(NADP+NADPH)) - Chl chlorophyll - DTT dithiothreitol; Fd-ferredoxin - NADP-MDH NADP-malate dehydrogenase - OAA oxaloacetate - PS photosystem - qN non-photochemical quenching - qP photochemical quenching - _E quantum efficiency of PS II Dedicated to Prof. Dr. Hans Walter Heldt on the occasion of his 60th birthday.     

右美托咪定联合芬太尼对心脏瓣膜置换术患者细胞免疫功能的影响及心脑保护作用研究

摘要 目的：观察右美托咪定联合芬太尼对心脏瓣膜置换术患者细胞免疫功能的影响及在心脑保护中的作用。方法：纳入海南医学院第二附属医院2019年4月~2021年6月间接收的体外循环（CPB）下心脏瓣膜置换术患者97例,根据信封抽签法将患者分为对照组（芬太尼,48例）和观察组（右美托咪定联合芬太尼,49例）。对比两组血流动力学指标[平均动脉压（MAP）、心率（HR）]、心肌损伤指标[肌钙蛋白（cTnI）、肌酸激酶同工酶（CK-MB）、心型脂肪酸结合蛋白（HFABP）]、脑损伤指标[神经元特异性烯醇化酶（NSE）、S-100β]、细胞免疫功能、镇痛情况及不良反应发生率。结果：观察组CPB开始后10 min（T2）时间点HR、MAP低于对照组,CPB结束（T3）、术毕（T4）时间点HR、MAP高于对照组（P<0.05）。两组术前（T1）、术后24 h、术后48 h视觉模拟评分法（VAS）评分升高后降低（P<0.05）,观察组术后24 h、术后48 h VAS评分低于对照组（P<0.05）。观察组术后48 h CD4⁺、CD4⁺/CD8⁺高于对照组,CD8⁺低于对照组（P<0.05）。观察组术后48 h cTnI、CK-MB、HFABP低于对照组（P<0.05）。观察组术后48 h NSE、S100B低于对照组（P<0.05）。观察组的不良反应发生率低于对照组（P<0.05）。结论：心脏瓣膜置换术患者选用右美托咪定联合芬太尼麻醉方案,有助于减轻疼痛,稳定血流动力学,减轻免疫抑制,同时还可发挥心脑保护效果,降低不良反应发生率,是一种可靠的麻醉方案。     

超低能重离子注入作物育种的原初物理机制

从原子核物理学观点出发,采用理论分析与实验测量并举的方法对超级能（〈２００ｋｅｖ）重离子（Ｚ≥６）注入作物（小麦）种子进行诱变育种的原初物理机制进行了研究,结果表明,无论是注入离子本身的射程,还是次级电子,自由基扩散,高温热穗,级联原子和冲击波等次级作用范围都无法触及表皮下面的胚细胞,但注入离子在麦胚内主要元素（Ｃ,Ｎ,Ｏ,Ｓ,Ｐ,Ｋ,Ｃａ）上激发出的特征Ｘ－射线,在其强度减弱为原来的１０＾－３时     

Immortalized hypothalamic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) neurons: A new tool for dissecting the molecular and cellular basis of LHRH physiology

Summary 1. Two LHRH neuronal cell lines were developed by targeted tumorigenesis of LHRH neuronsin vivo. These cell lines (GN and GT-1 cells) represent a homogeneous population of neurons. GT-1 cells have been further subcloned to produce the GT1-1, GT1-3, and GT1-7 cell lines. While considerable information is accumulating about GT-1 cells, very little is currently known about the characteristics and responses of GN cells.2. By both morphological and biochemical criteria, GT-1 cells are clearly neurons. All GT-1 cells immunostain for LHRH and the levels of prohormone, peptide intermediates, and LHRH in the cells and medium are relatively high.3. GT-1 cells biosynthesize, process, and secrete LHRH. Processing of pro-LHRH appears to be very similar to that reported for LHRH neuronsin vivo. At least four enzymes may be involved in processing the prohormone to LHRH.4. LHRH neurons are unique among the neurons of the central nervous system because they arise from the olfactory placode and grow back into the preoptic-anterior hypothalamic region of the brain. Once these neurons reach this location, they send their axons to the median eminence. With respect to the immortalized neurons, GN cells were arrested during their transit to the brain. In contrast, GT-1 cells were able to migrate to the preoptic-anterior hypothalamic region but were unable correctly to target their axons to the median eminence. These problems in migration and targeting appear to be due to expression of the simian virus T-antigen.5. While GT-1 cells are a homogeneous population of neurons, they are amenable to coculture with other types of cells. Coculture experiments currently under way should help not only to reveal some of the molecular and cellular cues that are important for neuronal migration and axonal targeting, but they should also highlight the nature of the cellular interactions which normally occurin situ.6. GT-1 cells spontaneously secrete LHRH in a pusatile manner. The interpulse interval for LHRH from these cells is almost identical to that reported for release of LH and LHRHin vivo. GT-1 cells are interconnected by both gap junctions and synapses. The coordination and synchronization of secretion from these cells could occur through these interconnections, by feedback from LHRH itself, and/or by several different compounds that are secreted by these cells. One such compound is nitric oxide.7. GT-1 cells have Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, and Cl^– channels. Polymerase chain reaction experiments coupled with Southern blotting and electrophysiological recordings reveal that GT-1 cells contain at least five types of Ca²⁺ channels. R-type Ca²⁺ channels appear to be the most common type of channel and this channel is activated by phorbol esters in the GT-1 cells.8. LHRH is secreted from GT-1 cells in response to norepinephrine, dopamine, histamine, GABA (GABA-A agonists), glutamate, nitric oxide, neuropeptide Y, endothelin, prostaglandin E₂, and activin A. Phorbol esters are very potent stimulators of LHRH secretion. Inhibition of LHRH release occurs in response to LHRH, GABA (GABA-B agonists), prolactin, and glucocorticoids.9. Compared to secretion studies, far fewer agents have been tested for their effects on gene expression. All of the agents which have been tested so far have been found either to repress LHRH gene expression or to have no effect. The agents which have been reported to repress LHRH steady-state mRNA levels include LHRH, prolactin, glucocorticoids, nitric oxide, and phorbol esters. While forskolin stimulates LHRH secretion, it does not appear to have any effect on LHRH mRNA levels.     

REPRODUCTION IN THE FEMALE SUBANTARCTIC FUR SEAL, ARCTOCEPHALUS TROPICALIS

The reproductive tracts of 89 female subantarctic fur seals, taken at Gough Island between November 1977 and October 1978, were examined. Females started ovulating at age 4 yr and all 6-yr-old females were sexually mature. They are mono-ovulatory, alternating between ovaries, and only single embryos were found. Females older than 13 yr ( n = 11) showed poor follicular development and some failed to ovulate. The gestation period (first recorded ovulation to first recorded birth) was 360 d, while delayed implantation (first recorded ovulation to first recorded implantation) lasted for 139 days. Follicle numbers in the functional ovary declined sharply after ovulation while the corpus luteum increased in size until at least 1 mo prior to parturition. The number of follicles in the contralateral ovary increased after midwinter (June/July), and the mean size of the largest follicles peaked prior to ovulation in December. The mean size of the largest follicles increased in both ovaries near implantation time, after reaching a low subsequent to, ovulation. The regressing corpus albicans, conspicuous for approximately 3 mo after parturition, could not be detected macroscopically within one year postpartum. Subantarctic fur seals at Gough Island have a distinct postreproductive class of older females. The pregnancy rate for all females ≥4 yr of age was 79%, and it was 84.5% for the sexually mature group of ≥6 yr of age, while the mean age at puberty was 4.80 yr.     

麻黄碱对兔主动脉和心房作用机制的研究

麻黄碱(E,×10~(-4)—3.3×10~(-3)M)和去甲肾上腺素(NA,6×10~(-8)—6×10~(-5)M)均能引起离体兔主动脉条浓度依赖性收缩。可卡因能明显地增强 NA 的作用,但明显地减弱麻黄碱的作用,用可卡因后麻黄碱的作用为用可卡因前的10—92.6%。利血平处理后,麻黄碱和 NA的作用都明显增强,但利血平对前者的增强作用比后者更甚。在利血平处理及未处理肌条上,麻黄碱的作用均可被酚妥拉明阻断。麻黄碱(3.3×10~(-6)—3.3×10~(-5)M)和异丙肾上腺素(ISP,10~(-9)—10~(-5)M)均能引起离体兔心房率的增加。可卡因明显地减弱麻黄碱的这一作用,即为对照组的8.8—29.1%,但不影响 ISP 的作用。利血平处理后,麻黄碱对兔心房的作用也明显减弱,为对照纽的15.4—28.4%;而 ISP 作用则略增加。3×10~(-4)麻黄碱可明显增加[3~H]NA 从兔主动脉条的流出量,此作用在给药后5min内即开始,可持续30 min 以上。上述结果提示,对于兔主动脉和心房,麻黄碱兼具直接作用于效应器细胞和通过释放末梢中 NA 的间接作用;直接作用在主动脉占优势,间接作用在心房占优势。