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Scirpentriol and its seven acetylated derivatives comprise a family of type-A trichothecene toxins produced by several species
of Fusarium fungi. Out of this group 4,15-diacetoxyscirpenol has attracted most attention. It elicits toxic responses in several species
and was detected in a variety of substrates. Out of the three possible monoacetylated derivatives 15-monoacetoxyscirpenol
and the parent alcohol scirpentriol received some attention, whereas the remaining members of the family were mentioned in
few reports. The present review deals with the structure, biosynthesis, analysis and toxicity of scirpentriol toxins. Formation
by Fusarium species as well as culture conditions used for toxigenicity studies are reviewed; data about the natural occurrence of scirpentriol
toxins in different cereal types, cereal associated products as well as in non-grain matrices including potato and soya bean
are reported. Basing on literature reports about the toxicity of scirpentriol toxins an attempt is made to summarise the state
of knowledge for risk evaluation for human and animal health. 相似文献
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《Harmful algae》2013
Major cyanobacterial blooms (biovolume > 4 mm3 L−1) occurred in the main water reservoirs on the upper Murray River, Australia during February and March 2010. Cyanobacterial-infested water was released and contaminated rivers downstream. River flow velocities were sufficiently high that in-stream bloom development was unlikely. The location has a temperate climate but experienced drought in 2010, causing river flows that were well below the long-term median values. This coupled with very low bed gradients meant turbulence was insufficient to destroy the cyanobacteria in-stream. Blooms in the upper 500 km of the Murray and Edward Rivers persisted for 5 weeks, but in the mid and lower Murray blooms were confined to a small package of water that moved progressively downstream for another 650 km. Anabaena circinalis was the dominant species present, confirmed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, but other potentially toxic species were also present in smaller amounts. Saxitoxin (sxtA), microcystin (mcyE) and cylindrospermopsin (aoaA) biosynthesis genes were also detected, although water sample analysis rarely detected these toxins. River water temperature and nutrient concentrations were optimal for bloom survival. The operational design of weirs and retention times within weir pools, as well as tributary inflows to and diversions from the Murray River all influenced the distribution and persistence of the blooms. Similar flow, water quality and river regulation factors were underlying causes of another bloom in these rivers in 2009. Global climate change is likely to promote future blooms in this and other lowland rivers. 相似文献
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