双歧番茄醋的实验研究

目的以番茄为主要原料,对双歧杆菌和醋酸杆菌共同发酵研制双歧番茄醋的工艺进行研究。方法通过正交试验筛选最适工艺。结果双歧番茄醋的最终醋酸度为27 g/L,含双歧杆菌总菌为1.9×1011CFU/mL,5 d内双歧杆菌活菌为5.5×107CFU/mL。双歧番茄醋棕黄色,光泽度好,有成熟番茄香味,入口酸甜适中。结论双歧杆菌与醋酸杆菌在可以番茄汁中共生,此方法制备双歧番茄醋可行。     

Ability of Clonostachys rosea to Establish and Suppress Sporulation Potential of Botrytis cinerea in Deleafed Stems of Hydroponic Greenhouse Tomatoes

The ability of Clonostachys rosea to establish and persist in deleafed tomato stems and to suppress sporulation potential of Botrytis cinerea was investigated in plots of hydroponic tomatoes in commercial greenhouses. Leaves near lower fruit clusters were removed according to standard practice and deleafed portions of the stems were treated with C. rosea , iprodione or water. Inoculum of B. cinerea was from natural infections. Stem lesions were not produced by the pathogen during the trials. Development of C. rosea and B. cinerea in stems was estimated indirectly by quantifying sporulation on excised stem tissues that were incubated on an agar medium containing paraquat. Incidence and area of sporulation of C. rosea on tissue pieces were high (76-99%) and moderately high (33-79%), respectively, when stems were treated with the agent at 0, 6, 24 or 48 h after deleafing and sampled 11 to 75 days later. In various instances, the agent also sporulated on tissues from water controls and iprodione treatments, apparently after interplot transmission. In most instances, incidence and area of sporulation of B. cinerea on tissue pieces were high (83-100%) and moderate to high (35-76%), respectively, in the water controls, but moderate (31-44%) and moderate to low (5-34%), respectively, for stems treated with C. rosea at 0 to 48 h after deleafing and sampled after 11-75 days. Without exception, C. rosea suppressed B. cinerea as or more effectively than iprodione. Correlations between inoculum density of C. rosea (0-10 6 conidia mL -1 ) and sporulation potential of B. cinerea in deleafed stems were strongly negative in each of three tests ( r = -0.95 to -0.99). Conidial suspensions and a talc formulation of C. rosea were of similar effectiveness against B. cinerea . We conclude that C. rosea persisted and suppressed sporulation potential of B. cinerea in deleafed tomato stems for at least 11 weeks after application.     

Biochemical studies on blossom end rot of tomatoes

The causes of cell wall necrosis in Blossom End Rot (BER) of tomatoes have been investigated by comparing enzyme activities in healthy and affected tissues in the cultivars Grenadier and Moneymaker. Changes in the mineral contents of the tomatoes were in accordance with those of calcium deficient tissues. The phenolic contents of the affected tissues were increased as also were caffeic and chlorogenic acids. Phenolase and peroxidase activities were higher in affected fruits white catalase activities were higher in healthy fruits. ¹⁴C-labelled leucine was incorporated into the proteins of the healthy fruits to the greatest extent but cell wall proteinbound hydroxyproline was greatest in affected fruits.     

Control of ethylene activity in various plant systems by structural analogues of 1-methylcyclopropene

Two structural analogues of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), 1-ethylcyclopropene (1-ECP) and 1-propylcyclopropene (1-PCP) were found to inhibit ethylene action and thereby the responses to ethylene in various plant systems. When applied prior to exposure to ethylene, the analogues considerably delayed ethylene-induced ripening of avocado and tomato fruits, delayed citrus leaf explants abscission and reversed ethylene-induced swelling and inhibition of elongation in etiolated pea plants. The analogues exerted their effect in a concentration-depended manner, at a range of several parts per million. Of the two analogues, 1-ECP was found in all cases more potent than 1-PCP but less potent then the mother compound 1-MCP. It is proposed that the analogues inhibit ethylene action by competing for the sites of binding on the ethylene receptor, similar to the mode of action suggested for 1-MCP. Findings revealed in this study imply that the competition of ethylene and the analogues for the ethylene site of binding is of a non-competitive nature. The analogues effectively inhibited ethylene action only if applied before the plant material was exposed to ethylene, or in the case of fruits shortly after harvest. Simultaneous application of the analogues and ethylene reduced the inhibitory effect of the analogues. Application of the analogues after exposure to ethylene or after fruit ripening had nullified the inhibitory effect of the analogues. Ripening of fruits, treated with the analogues, was inhibited for a finite period of time after which the fruits ripened normally. This resumption of ripening ability is attributed to presence of free binding sites on the ethylene receptor at the point of recovery from the inhibition. As the analogues are volatile, non-corrosive, non-toxic, odorless compounds and effective at minute concentrations, they can be considered promising candidates for practical use.     

Assessment of the potency of 1-substituted cyclopropenes to counteract ethylene-induced processes in plants

A study was undertaken to assess the potency of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) analogues to block the ethylene receptor and thereby inhibit ethylene action. Eight structural analogues of 1-MCP with substitution in the 1-position and a side chain containing 2–10 carbons were synthesized and their potency to inhibit ethylene-induced plant processes was tested on climacteric fruit like avocado, and tomato, on ethylene-induced growth modification in etiolated pea seedlings and on abscission in citrus leaf explants. High concentrations of ethylene were used under conditions which hasten ethylene-induced processes. The results showed differences in the responses of the various tissues tested as related to the concentrations of the inhibitors. Some required much higher concentration to exert the same effect, while some, when applied at the same concentration, blocked the receptor for a longer period of time than the others. Fruits responded differently than other plant organs to the same inhibitor, indicating possible differences in characteristics and availability of the ethylene receptors in the various tissues. The potency of the inhibitors was greatly affected by their molecular structure and size. The highest potency of a given inhibitor was obtained when the treatment was applied before the onset of ethylene action. The relationship between ethylene and the inhibitors was found to be of an apparent non-competitive nature. All the fruits treated with the various inhibitors resumed normal ripening after recovery from the inhibition which is crucial when considering the putative inhibitors for practical use.     

Effects of prey availability, facultative plant feeding, and plant defenses on a generalist insect predator

This study examined the effects of feeding interval, access to host plants (thus, a source of sap), and plant defenses on the predatory insect, Podisus maculiventris Say (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). The experiment consisted of a 2 × 2 design with two feeding intervals (1 day or 5 days) and predators living on either tomato plants or plastic plants. Females fed every day had greater body weights and egg hatch rates than females fed every five days. Females on tomato plants lived longer than females on plastic plants. However, access to plants did not alleviate the effects of low prey level on predator weight or reproductive output. In a second experiment, third instar nymphs were placed on either tomato plants or plastic plants for four days to examine the effects of tomato trichome defenses on these predators. Nymphs on tomato plants experienced 50% mortality compared to 15% mortality for nymphs on plastic plants. Some nymphs living on tomato plants were trapped by the hairy trichomes of the plant; others had gummed up legs from the exudates of the plants’ glandular trichomes, which inhibited their movement and ability to feed on prey. Although predators appeared to benefit from feeding on tomato plants, their ability to live on the plants was negatively affected by the defensive features of the plants. The potential effects of trichome defenses on predator survival and population dynamics must be considered when evaluating the benefits of plants on insect predator life histories and efficacy as biological control agents.     

Purification and Characterization of the polygalacturo nase from Tomato Fruits

The polygalacturonase (PG) isolated fron the pericarp of fully ripe tomato fruits was purified by (NH4)2SO4 precipitation, carboxyme-thylsepharose ion-exchang column and sephadex G-75 gel filtration. Specific activity of purified PG was 1.5 μmol galacturonic acid mg-1 protein min-1, which was 30 times as high as that of the crude extract with 1.7mol NaC1. When the elution separated by second sephadex G-75 column was analyzed by SDS-PAGE, only a single protein band was detected. It was shown by heat and pH experiments of the purified enzyme that the enzyme activity retained 50%, after treatment with heat at 50℃ for 10 min, and that the optimal pH was 4.6.     

Plant damage to vegetable crops by zoophytophagous mirid predators

The use of plant-feeding predators for biological pest control has traditionally been neglected, mainly due to the risk of them feeding on crop plants and causing economically significant damage. Yet, these predators offer advantages for biological pest control. They are mostly generalist predators that have an impact on several crop pests. They may also be able to establish on crops early in the growing season, when pests colonize them, and can remain on the target crop when prey is scarce. Therefore, management programs must seek to minimize risks while maximizing benefits. In vegetable crops, most of the literature on zoophytophagous predators has focused on four species: Dicyphus tamaninii, Dicyphus hesperus, Macrolophus pygmaeus and Nesidiocoris tenuis (Heteroptera, Miridae). The capacity of these species to produce crop damage in tomatoes varies. This damage has been related to relative predator-to-prey abundance, with damage increasing at high predator abundances and low prey densities. In this review, we analyze the use of these species in biological control programs and the associated benefits and risks. The differences in the damage caused by the four predatory species examined could not be attributed to either stylet morphology or saliva composition. However, feeding on specific plant structures where they may find the resources required for their development is what probably determines feeding damage. Understanding when and why these predators increase their feeding on plants or on certain plant parts is of crucial importance for integrating them in biological control programs.     

Iron-phosphorus relationship in the nutrition of tomato seedlings grown on alluvial and calcareous soils

Summary In typical alluvial and calcareous soils of Egypt 5 levels of each of P and Fe were added to study their effect on the dry matter and on their uptake by tomato seedlings in greenhouse. Application of phosphorus significantly increased the dry matter yields and both P and Fe uptake by tomatoes grown on both soils. However, application of Fe had no significant effect on the dry matter and P-uptake by tomatoes grown on alluvial soil while they were significantly increased on the calcareous one.     

Studies on fungi associated with tomato fruits and effectiveness of some commercial fungicides against three pathogens

Among 39 fungal species and one variety belonging to 16 genera isolated from 116 healthy tomato fruits collected from markets in Assiut, Egypt, during 1994,Aspergillus niger was found to be the most prevalent, being isolated from 84.6% of the samples. Of 11 species recovered from 156 diseased tomatoes,Alternaria alternata, Rhizopus stolonifer andA. niger were the most common and isolated from 52.7%, 35.9% and 25.0% of the samples, respectively. Experiments for comparison of the effects of medium containing tomato juice with synthetic medium on the mycelial growth of nine fungal species indicated that, the tomato juice medium was more suitable for growth of all fungal species. The effect of five commercial fungicides and sodium hypochlorite when applied as post-harvest dips after inoculation was studied in laboratory againstA. alternata, A. niger andR. stolonifer. At 10 and 100 µg ml^–1, neither of the fungicide caused a noticeable inhibition ofAlternaria rot. At 1000 µg ml^–1 benlate, rovral and sumisclex completely preventedAlternaria andAspergillus rot, whereas cuprosan and ridomil were ineffective against rotting caused byA. niger. Rhizopus rot development was inhibited by over 50% with one treatment only (rovral at 1000 µg ml^–1). Sodium hypochlorite has good curative properties against fruit rots especially those caused byA. alternata andA. niger.