响应面法优化飞龙掌血中总生物碱的提取工艺

以飞龙掌血（Toddalia asiatica（L.）Lam.）的根为实验材料,以总生物碱的含量为检测指标,应用响应面法对飞龙掌血中总生物碱的提取工艺进行了优化。结果显示,当提取条件为乙醇体积分数74.76%、料液比20∶1和提取时间32.87 min时,飞龙掌血提取物中总生物碱的理论含量值可达11.09 mg/g,总生物碱含量达到最高值。按照最佳提取工艺条件进行验证,3次平行实验的均值为（10.74 ±0.18）mg/g,与理论值差异较小,表明利用响应面法来优化飞龙掌血中总生物碱的最佳提取工艺模型拟合良好,具有一定实用价值。     

飞龙掌血中三萜酸成分研究

从芸香科植物飞龙掌血中提取分离出4个新三萜酸,经波谱数据分析,分别鉴定为2α,3α,19α-trihydroxy11-oxo-urs-12-en-28-oic acid（1）,2α,3α,11α,19α-tetrahydroxy-urs-12-en-28-oic acid（2）,2α,3α-dillydroxy-19-oxo-18,19-seco-urs-11,13（18）-diene-28-oic acid（3）和2α,3α,19α-trihydroxy-olean-11,13（18）-dien-28-oic acid（4）。还分离鉴定出已知成分野鸭春酸（5）、arjunic acid（6）、飞龙掌血素、勒钩内脂和β-谷甾醇。     

Alkaloids from Toddalia aculeata

Two alkaloids N-methyl-4-hydroxy-7-methoxy-3-(2,3-epoxy-3-methylbutyl)-1H-quinolin-2-one (1) and 3-(2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutyl)-4,7-dimethoxy-1-methyl-1H-quinolin-2-one (2a) have been isolated from CH(2)Cl(2):methanol (1:1) and methanol extracts of leaves and stems of Toddalia aculeata. Their structures along with that of 15 other compounds, of which three are isolated for the first time from genus Toddalia, were established by their detailed spectral studies including 2D NMR viz. (1)H-(1)H COSY, (1)H-(13)C COSY, and HMBC.     

Toddalidimerine, a dimeric benzophenanthridine alkaloid from Toddalia asiatica

Toddalidimerine, a new dimeric benzophenanthridine alkaloid, has been isolated from the roots of Toddalia asiatica. On the basis of spectral analysis it has been characterized as 1,3-(8-hydrochelerythrinyl-8′-hydro-N-norchelerythrinyl) acetone. The presence of dihydrochelerythrine and 8-acetonyldihydrochelerythrine has been confirmed in this plant.     

Target enrichment improves phylogenetic resolution in the genus Zanthoxylum (Rutaceae) and indicates both incomplete lineage sorting and hybridization events

Background and Aims Zanthoxylum is the only pantropical genus within Rutaceae, with a few species native to temperate eastern Asia and North America. Efforts using Sanger sequencing failed to resolve the backbone phylogeny of Zanthoxylum. In this study, we employed target-enrichment high-throughput sequencing to improve resolution. Gene trees were examined for concordance and sectional classifications of Zanthoxylum were evaluated. Off-target reads were investigated to identify putative single-copy markers for bait refinement, and low-copy markers for evidence of putative hybridization events.MethodsA custom bait set targeting 354 genes, with a median of 321 bp, was designed for Zanthoxylum and applied to 44 Zanthoxylum species and one Tetradium species as the outgroup. Illumina reads were processed via the HybPhyloMaker pipeline. Phylogenetic inferences were conducted using coalescent and maximum likelihood methods based on concatenated datasets. Concordance was assessed using quartet sampling. Additional phylogenetic analyses were performed on putative single and low-copy genes extracted from off-target reads.Key ResultsFour major clades are supported within Zanthoxylum: the African clade, the Z. asiaticum clade, the Asian–Pacific–Australian clade and the American–eastern Asian clade. While overall support has improved, regions of conflict are similar to those previously observed. Gene tree discordances indicate a hybridization event in the ancestor of the Hawaiian lineage, and incomplete lineage sorting in the American backbone. Off-target putative single-copy genes largely confirm on-target results, and putative low-copy genes provide additional evidence for hybridization in the Hawaiian lineage. Only two of the five sections of Zanthoxylum are resolved as monophyletic.ConclusionsTarget enrichment is suitable for assessing phylogenetic relationships in Zanthoxylum. Our phylogenetic analyses reveal that current sectional classifications need revision. Quartet tree concordance indicates several instances of reticulate evolution. Off-target reads are proven useful to identify additional phylogenetically informative regions for bait refinement or gene tree based approaches.     

Larvicidal and smoke repellency effect of Toddalia asiatica and Aegle marmelos against the dengue vector, Aedes aegypti (Insecta: Diptera: Culicidae)

Investigations were made to evaluate the larvicidal activity and smoke repellent potential of Toddalia asiatica (L.) and Aegle marmelos at different concentrations (20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 p.p.m.) against first to fourth instar larvae and pupae of Aedes aegypti (L.). The LC₅₀ of A. marmelos and T. asiatica against first instars was 50.960 and 47.893 p.p.m., respectively; against second instars, 52.979 and 50.922; third instars, 56.653 and 54.461; and fourth instars, 60.778 and 61.278. The LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ for A. marmelos and T. asiatica against pupae were 56.634 and 112.992, and 53.64 and 116.22 p.p.m., respectively. The smoke toxicity of T. asiatica against Ae. aegypti was greater than that of A. marmelos . Smoke-exposed gravid females oviposited fewer eggs when compared to those that were not exposed to smoke. Smoke-exposed females hatched a lower percentage of eggs compared to unexposed females.