Sulfonamide drugs: structure,antibacterial property,toxicity, and biophysical interactions

Sulfonamide (or sulphonamide) functional group chemistry (SN) forms the basis of several groups of drug. In vivo sulfonamides exhibit a range of pharmacological activities, such as anti-carbonic anhydrase and anti-t dihydropteroate synthetase allowing them to play a role in treating a diverse range of disease states such as diuresis, hypoglycemia, thyroiditis, inflammation, and glaucoma. Sulfamethazine (SMZ) is a commonly used sulphonamide drug in veterinary medicine that acts as an antibacterial compound to treat livestock diseases such as gastrointestinal and respiratory tract infections. Sulfadiazine (SDZ) is another frequently employed sulphonamide drug that is used in combination with the anti-malarial drug pyrimethamine to treat toxoplasmosis in warm-blooded animals. This study explores the research findings and the work behaviours of SN (SMZ and SDZ) drugs. The areas covered include SN drug structure, SN drug antibacterial activity, SN drug toxicity, and SN environmental toxicity.     

Multiresidue supercritical fluid extraction method for the recovery at low ppb levels of three sulfonamides from fortified chicken liver

A supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) method is proposed for the recovery of three sulfonamides from chicken liver. Samples were extracted at 680 bar and 40°C using unmodified carbon dioxide and were collected free of co-extracted artifactual material on an in-line neutral alumina sorbent bed. High recoveries of sulfamethazine (SMZ), sulfadimethoxine (SDM) and sulfaquinoxaline (SQX) were obtained from chicken liver samples fortified at levels from 1000 to 50 ppm.