Second-harmonic generation from organic molecules incorporated in sol-gel matrices

Orientation of optically nonlinear organic molecules inside sol-gel matrices upon application of an external D.C. electrical field is demonstrated for the first time. The quadratic nonlinear response of silicon oxide or transition metal oxide based gels containing organic molecules has been determined from Electric Field Induced Second Harmonic (EFISH) measurements. Large concentrations of Optically Nonlinear Organic Molecules (ONOM) have been either incorporated inside the macromolecular network or chemically bonded to the oxide backbone of the gels. These results demonstrate the feasibility of permanently poled doped sol-gel matrices. Moreover, EFISH measurements performed on organic molecules appear to be a useful tool for monitoring the changes occurring during sol-gel transformations.     

Cobalt-substituted derivatives ofCarcinus hemocyanin

Summary Four derivatives ofCarcinus maenas hemocyanin containing Co(II) in the active site have been prepared under different experimental conditions. Two of them contain one Co(II) ion/active site and most probably represent isomeric forms containing Co(II) either in the fast-reacting or in the slow-reacting position within the active site. A third derivative contains two Co(II) ions active site, which reproduces the metal/protein stoichiometry of native hemocyanin. The fourth derivative is a metal hybrid form containing one Cu(I) ion and one Co(II) ion/active site. The derivatives have been characterized by absorption, circular dichroic and fluorescence spectroscopies. The results indicate that in all derivatives the metal is bound with a low coordination number, in agreement with the presence of three histidine residues/copper ion in the native protein. The two alternative metal-binding positions have different structures as shown by the different spectroscopic properties of the bound Co(II) ions. A marked hyperchromic effect on the optical absorption of Co(II) is observed as a result of the presence of a metal ion in the neighbouring metal-binding position in the active site.     

人U_1和U_2snRNA基因定位缺失和取代突变

 用寡聚核苷酸诱导的定位突变法,将人U_1和U_2snRNA基因的5'-端调控区域的一段能与SV_(40)T抗原相结合的DNA删去,造成缺失突变,改变这段DNA核苷酸的排列顺序,造成取代突变。突变株用原位杂交法筛选,由限制性内切酶电泳图谱分析和DNA顺序测定得到证实。突变率约为5％。     

Estimation of evolutionary distances between nucleotide sequences

A formal mathematical analysis of the substitution process in nucleotide sequence evolution was done in terms of the Markov process. By using matrix algebra theory, the theoretical foundation of Barry and Hartigan's (Stat. Sci. 2:191–210, 1987) and Lanave et al.'s (J. Mol. Evol. 20:86–93, 1984) methods was provided. Extensive computer simulation was used to compare the accuracy and effectiveness of various methods for estimating the evolutionary distance between two nucleotide sequences. It was shown that the multiparameter methods of Lanave et al.'s (J. Mol. Evol. 20:86–93, 1984), Gojobori et al.'s (J. Mol. Evol. 18:414–422, 1982), and Barry and Hartigan's (Stat. Sci. 2:191–210, 1987) are preferable to others for the purpose of phylogenetic analysis when the sequences are long. However, when sequences are short and the evolutionary distance is large, Tajima and Nei's (Mol. Biol. Evol. 1:269–285, 1984) method is superior to others.     

Genetic control of amylose content in wheat endosperm starch and differential effects of three Wx genes

The endosperm starch of the wheat grain is composed of amylose and amylopectin. Genetic manipulation of the ratio of amylose to amylopectin or the amylose content could bring about improved texture and quality of wheat flour. The chromosomal locations of genes affecting amylose content were investigated using a monosomic series of Chinese Spring (CS) and a set of Cheyenne (CNN) chromosome substitution lines in the CS genetic background. Trials over three seasons revealed that a decrease in amylose content occurred in monosomic 4A and an increase in monosomic 7B. Allelic variation between CS and CNN was suggested for the genes on chromosomes 4A and 7B. To examine the effects of three Waxy (Wx) genes which encode a granule-bound starch synthase (Wx protein), the Wx proteins from CS monosomics of interest were analyzed using SDS-PAGE. The amount of the Wx protein coded by the Wx-B1 gene on chromosome arm 4AL was reduced in monosomic 4A, and thus accounted for its decreased amylose content. The amounts of two other Wx proteins coded by the Wx-A1 and Wx-D1 genes on chromosome arms 7AS and 7DS, respectively, showed low levels of protein in the monosomics but no effect on amylose content. The effect of chromosome 7B on the level of amylose suggested the presence of a regulator gene which suppresses the activities of the Wx genes.     

矩阵的加号逆理论在参数估计中的应用

本文从矩阵的加号逆理论出发,根据求矛盾线性方程组最佳逼近解的方法,建立起一种新的参数估计方法,同时给出了显著性检验方法,这种方法更简单更精确．     

THE STABILITY OF INTERVAL MATRICES

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