Effects of Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematoda: Rhabditidae) on the spread of the bacterium Pseudomonas tolaasii in mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus)

The effects of mass-produced saprobic rhabditid nematodes, Caenorhabditis elegans on the spread of the bacterial blotch pathogen, Pseudomonas tolaasii , were studied in mushroom growth chambers. C. elegans significantly reduced the intensity of blotch on sporophores. Repeated isolations of the bacterial flora from the gut of C. elegans recovered from mushroom sporophores during cropping, revealed the presence of Pseudomonas fluorescens biovar reactans . All the isolates of P. fluorescens biovar reactans isolated from nematodes were antagonists of P. tolaasii .
C. elegans produced much larger populations in monoxenic cultures with P. fluorescens biovar reactans than with P. tolaasii . It is suggested that as C. elegans selects P. fluorescens biovar reactans rather than P. tolaasii as a food substrate it probably spreads the antagonist in the mushroom crop and may contribute to the control of bacterial blotch.     

武陵源风景区生态承载力预警

随着人类面临的严重环境挑战,可持续发展模式作为全人类共同的选择变得越来越重要。生态承载力作为可持续发展的衡量指标,通过生态承载力水平与生态荷载状况表现出来。可持续承载力预警是以可持续发展为目标进行生态承载力调控。利用主成分分析法、层次分析法构建了武陵源风景区的生态承载力评价指标体系,作为模型的输入层预警指标,并利用状态空间法求算的生态承载指数进行警度区间的划分,通过样本训练、建立BP神经网络模型,进行生态承载预警。从风景区的资源承载、环境承载、生态弹性和生态承压等方面来考虑,析出17个资源类、环境类、社会经济类指标作为评价指标体系。对于武陵源风景区的承载状态,从时间上看,2000年曾出现超载状态,主要是风景区的核心区范围内出现城市化现象所致;从空间上看,协和乡出现超载状态,其主要原因在于资源的开发利用上。基于BP网络模型实现的生态承载力预警,用于预测预报未来的可持续发展的发展状态,可以及时反映可持续状态的调控效果,为区域系统的可持续发展提供科学依据。     

干热处理对甜瓜种子活力和细菌性果斑病抑制能力的影响

以厚皮甜瓜品种‘哈密绿’种子为材料,在70℃、75℃和80℃温度下分别处理24h、48h和72h,研究不同干热处理对甜瓜种子活力萌发和生理生化指标变化及细菌性果斑病的防治效果。结果显示:(1)随着处理温度的升高和时间的延长,干热处理甜瓜种子发芽指标和成苗率显著下降,而70℃处理24h和48h对种子发芽指标(活力指数除外)和成苗率无显著影响。(2)与对照相比,干热处理种子胚芽中的SOD活性、可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量升高,在同一温度处理下,SOD活性和可溶性糖含量随着处理时间的延长基本呈增长趋势,脯氨酸含量则随着处理时间的延长呈下降趋势,POD和APX活性以及可溶性蛋白含量变化随着温度的升高和处理时间的延长呈下降趋势;与对照相比,胚芽中CAT活性在70℃处理下降低,而在75℃和80℃处理下升高,但其随着处理时间的延长呈下降趋势;胚芽中O-·2产生速率在70℃和75℃处理下与对照接近,而在80℃处理下随着处理时间的延长呈上升趋势,且均显著高于对照。(3)随着处理温度的升高和时间的延长,甜瓜接菌种子幼苗细菌性果斑病发病率较对照显著降低。研究表明,适宜干热处理温度和时间诱导甜瓜种子中抗氧化酶活性增强,渗透调节物质含量增加,超氧阴离子产生速率降低,种子活力和出苗率有效提高,‘哈密绿’种子有效、安全的干热处理组合为70℃、48h。     

外寄生菌——煤污病菌研究进展

煤污病菌生活在寄主组织表面,形成黑色的污斑和污点,影响果实外观,降低商品价值。煤污病菌能够利用植物的外渗物,也可以分解表皮的蜡质层,属于外寄生菌(ectophyte)。本文综述了煤污病菌的多样性、病征类型、分类鉴定研究方法、寄主范围、地理分布及其研究价值等方面的研究进展。     

大麦主栽品种亲缘系数和对叶斑病的抗性分析

为明确我国大麦主栽品种的遗传多样性及其对叶斑病的抗性来源,采用亲缘系数(COP,coefficient of parentage)分析方法对155个主栽大麦品种的遗传系谱进行聚类分析,同时对其中79个供试大麦品种在苗期和成株期分别接种2个强毒性菌株进行抗性鉴定。结果显示,155个品种聚为6个类群,有亲缘关系的品种占全部品种14.77%。在品种间组成的11935个组合中,1763个组合间存在亲缘关系,其COP值变化范围在0~0.7500之间,亲缘系数总和为157.5867,平均值为0.0132。根据系谱分析发现了不同育种单位所育品种的核心亲本,并追溯其主要的祖先亲本。此外,通过对叶斑病的抗性鉴定,发现大多数供试的大麦品种感叶斑病,高抗品种主要集中在垦啤麦系列品种和蒙啤麦3号,部分华大麦和驻大麦系列的品种在苗期或成株期中抗叶斑病。系谱分析及抗性鉴定结果揭示了我国大麦叶斑病抗性基因存在不同来源,分析结果有利于提高抗叶斑病基因筛选效率和缩小筛选范围,也将促进抗叶斑病新基因资源的发掘和利用。     

Fungitoxic Effects of Extracts of Azadirachta Indica against Cochliobolus Miyabeanus causing Brown Spot Disease of Rice

The oil extract from seeds of Azadirachta indica as well as water and ethanol leaf extracts of the plant were effective in reducing the radial growth of Cochliobolus miyabeanus in culture and in checking the spread of brown spot disease in rice. The oil extract was found to be the most effective, followed by ethanol leaf extract, in inhibiting the growth of the pathogen in vitro and in checking the development of the disease in vivo . Although the cold water extract from the plant leaf reduced the radial growth of the pathogen in culture, it failed to reduce the incidence and severity of the disease as effectively as the oil and ethanol extracts. The oil and ethanol extracts compared favourably with carbendazim (Bavistin) at 0.1% a.i and have the potential for control of brown spot disease of rice in the field.     

Pseudomonas fluorescens NZI7 repels grazing by C. elegans,a natural predator

The bacteriovorous nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has been used to investigate many aspects of animal biology, including interactions with pathogenic bacteria. However, studies examining C. elegans interactions with bacteria isolated from environments in which it is found naturally are relatively scarce. C. elegans is frequently associated with cultivation of the edible mushroom Agaricus bisporus, and has been reported to increase the severity of bacterial blotch of mushrooms, a disease caused by bacteria from the Pseudomonas fluorescens complex. We observed that pseudomonads isolated from mushroom farms showed differential resistance to nematode predation. Under nutrient poor conditions, in which most pseudomonads were consumed, the mushroom pathogenic isolate P. fluorescens NZI7 was able to repel C. elegans without causing nematode death. A draft genome sequence of NZI7 showed it to be related to the biocontrol strain P. protegens Pf-5. To identify the genetic basis of nematode repellence in NZI7, we developed a grid-based screen for mutants that lacked the ability to repel C. elegans. The mutants isolated in this screen included strains with insertions in the global regulator GacS and in a previously undescribed GacS-regulated gene cluster, ‘EDB'' (‘edible''). Our results suggest that the product of the EDB cluster is a poorly diffusible or cell-associated factor that acts together with other features of NZI7 to provide a novel mechanism to deter nematode grazing. As nematodes interact with NZI7 colonies before being repelled, the EDB factor may enable NZI7 to come into contact with and be disseminated by C. elegans without being subject to intensive predation.