中国菝葜属补充与订正

本文涉及百合科菝葜属Smilax 7个分类群：用Smilax longibracteolata J.D.Hook.和S.elegans Wall.ex Kunth分别代替中国植物志第15卷(1978)中由于鉴定错误而使用的〖WTBX〗S.ma ireiH.Lévl.和S.glaucophylla Klotz.S.mairei是一个完全不同的种,应予承认,现根据存于爱丁堡的模式标本予以重新描述。S.pinfae nsis H.Lévl.和nthaC.H.Wright 在中国植物志第15卷中被分别并入S.cocculoides Warb.和S.ferox Wall.ex Kunth,现恢复为独立的种。此外,本文还发表了一个新改级〖WTBX〗S.retroflexa[WTBZ] (Wang et Tang ) S.C.Chen和一个新名称S.munita S.C.Chen,后者用来代替晚出同名S.rigida Wall.ex Kunth。     

Host plant conspicuousness and the distribution of eggs and larvae in the butterfly,Anthocharis scolymus (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)

We investigated how the distribution pattern of eggs and larval on the host plant, Turritus glabra, was influenced by the oviposition behavior of the pierid butterfly Anthocharis scolymus. Females searched for the host plants visually and they frequently approached taller host plants with sparse surrounding vegetation. After encountering host plants, oviposition behavior of females was independent of host plant characteristics such as height, density, and type of surrounding vegetation. A female laid eggs singly on a host plants. Most females appeared to lay their eggs regardless of the presense of eggs on the host plant. Consequently egg and larva tended to be abundant on conspicuous host plants as measured by height or relative isolation from other plants. However, overcrowding of eggs on an individual host decreased the survival rate of larvae.     

High-elevation rock outcrop vegetation of the Southern Appalachian Mountains

Abstract. Species composition patterns and vegetation-environment relationships were quantified for high-elevation rock outcrops of the Southern Appalachian Mountains, an infrequent and insular habitat in a forested landscape. Outcrops occur over a wide geographic range encompassing extensive variation in both geology and climate. Geographic-scale factors interact with site-scale factors to produce variation in vegetation among outcrops. Similarly, site-scale factors interact with micro-scale factors to produce variation in vegetation within outcrops. To provide a quantitatively-based classification of outcrop vegetation we used a TWINSPAN analysis of 154 100-m² plots. We recognized nine communities that primarily correspond to different combinations of elevation, bedrock type, geography, and moisture. Within outcrops of a single bedrock type, vegetation composition of 100-m² plots was consistently correlated with elevation and solar radiation, but relationships to soil nutrients varied with bedrock type. Both site-scale (100 m²) factors (e.g. elevation, slope, aspect, and bedrock type) and plot-scale (1-m²) microsite factors (e.g. soil depth, vegetation height, soil nutrients) were strongly correlated with species composition at the 1-m² level. Environment can be used to predict composition more effectively for 100-m² plots on a single bedrock type than either across bedrock types or at a 1-m² scale. Composition-environment relationships resemble those described for outcrop systems from other regions with pronounced topographic relief more than they do those described for the nearby but flatter and lower-elevation outcrops of the Southeastern Piedmont. There is strong spatial autocorrelation in this community, perhaps owing to dispersal limitation. Consequently, a comprehensive conservation strategy must include reservation of both a range of geologic types and a range of geographic locations.     

滇产圆滑番荔枝中的番荔枝内酯

从滇南产的圆滑番荔枝的种子中得到４个番荔枝内酯,４－ｄｅｘｏｘｙｃｈｅｒｉｍｏｌｉｎ－２（１）,ｃｈｅｒｉｍｏｌｉｎ－２（２）,ａｎｎｏｎｉｎＩ（３）和ｄｅｓａｃｅｔｙｌｕｖａｒｉｃｉｎ（４）。其中１为新化合物。     

Development of a bioadhesive nanoformulation with Glycyrrhiza glabra L. extract against Candida albicans

Abstract

Glycyrrhiza glabra L. is considered an important source of bioactive compounds. This study aimed at the development of an efficient solution for the treatment of oral candidiasis. Several extracts of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. were prepared using different solvents and their potential in vitro antifungal activity was assessed. Ethanolic extracts showed the most promising results against C. albicans. This extract was incorporated into mucoadhesive nanoparticles (PLA, PLGA and alginate), which were further included in an oral gel, an oral film and a toothpaste, respectively. The results showed that nanoparticles were successfully produced, presenting a mean size among 100–900?nm with high encapsulation efficiency. In vitro studies showed that the most bioadhesive formulation was the oral film with extract-loaded PLGA nanoparticles, followed by the toothpaste with extract-loaded alginate nanoparticles and the oral gel with extract-loaded PLA nanoparticles.     

Phylogenetics,character evolution,and distribution patterns of the greenbriers,Smilacaceae (Liliales), a near‐cosmopolitan family of monocots

Smilacaceae, composed of Smilax and Heterosmilax, are a cosmopolitan family of > 200 species of mostly climbing monocots with alternate leaves characterized by reticulate venation, a pair of petiolar tendrils and usually prickly stems. Although there has been a long history of studying Smilax since Linnaeus named the genus in 1753, the phylogenetic history of this dioecious family remains unclear. Here we present results based on nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (nrITS) and plastid matK and rpl16 intron DNA sequence data from 125 taxa of Smilacaceae. Our taxon sampling covers all sections of Smilax and Heterosmilax and major distribution zones of the family; species from Ripogonaceae and Philesiaceae are used as outgroups. Our molecular analysis indicates that phylogenetic relationships largely contradict the traditional morphological classification of the family, instead showing a conspicuous geographical pattern among the species clades. The previously recognized genus Heterosmilax was found to be embedded in Smilax. Species in the family are separated into primarily New World and Old World clades, except for a single species lineage, Smilax aspera, that is sister to the remaining species of the family, but with poor statistical support. Ancestral character state reconstructions and examination of distribution patterns among the clades provide important information for future taxonomic revisions and historical biogeography of the group. © 2013 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2013, 173 , 535–548.     

菝葜属和肖菝葜属的核型变异和系统演化研究

基于体细胞染色体核型及花序特征对菝葜科Smilacaceae菝葜属Smilax和肖菝葜属Heterosmilax进行了系统演化研究,报道了国产菝葜科17个分类群的核型。根据已研究的部分形态学特征和已有的核型和分子序列资料,对它们的系统进化进行了分析。结果显示：（1）整个类群的核型变异表现在二型化、多倍化、染色体的微变异以及染色体基数递减（从16-15-13）,16为菝葜类群的基本染色体基数。（2）草本菝葜的核型对称性在东亚到北美种类中,表现出从对称到不对称的变化,而木本菝葜的各组间并未表现出这种趋势。（3）先出叶（prophy11）是宿存的芽鳞,因此在菝葜组sect．China和土茯苓组sect．Coilanthus中具花序的分枝（该分枝基部具先出叶）与圆锥菝葜组sect．Macranthae和穗菝葜组sect．Smilax中着生叶腋的花序分枝或者具关节的单伞形花序是同源的;结合ITS资料,推测花序原始类型是具伞形花序无总花梗呈穗状排列的种类。从祖先类型,花序的分化朝两个方向：一为菝葜属的菝葜组和土茯苓组以及肖菝葜属的全部种类为代表的生于叶腋的单伞形花序,另一为菝葜属的圆锥菝葜组sect．Macranthae的全部种类构成的圆锥．伞形花序。（4）肖菝葜属的核型和ITS数据都表明其为非单系类群,与草本菝葜和土茯苓组成员为姐妹群,首次发现花被2／3联合的过渡类型——筐条菝葜S.corbularia,建议将肖菝葜属降为亚属,置于菝葜属。（5）核型特点支持草本菝葜是东亚起源,扩展到北美,与土茯苓组种类有共同祖先．来自于x=16的木本菝葜,赞同恢复草本组sect．Nemexia。（6）在广布种菝葜S.china中首次发现二倍体居群,已知其存在3种倍性（2x、4x和6x）,发现不同倍性居群的分布规律,推测在第三纪至更新世中期日本、台湾岛与大陆分离之前,菝葜的叙居群已广泛分布,而目前广泛分布的缸居群是岛屿与大陆分离后形靠的。（7）我国西南是菝葜科现代分布和分化中心。     

缙云山草珊瑚(Sarcandra glabra)天然居群结实特征的变异性研究

对缙云山草珊瑚8个天然居群结实特征的20项表型性状的变异性进行了研究,结果表明:各表型性状在居群内与居群间都存在很大的变异性,其中种实产量、果序数和果序分枝的变异程度较高,而果实和种子的特征指数变异程度较低,同类性状果实的变异程度要大于种子;平均变异系数最大的性状是四分枝果序百分比(1.477),最小的是种子长宽比(0.041);变异程度最大的居群是居群6(0.564),最小的是居群4(0.292);各居群间除果序分枝总数差异不显著、果序数和二分枝果序百分比差异显著外,其它17项表型指标均达到极显著水平,表明缙云山草珊瑚各居群间已经发生了明显的形态分化;居群内和居群间变异分别占总变异的60.7%和39.3%,说明居群内变异是表型变异主要来源,但居群间变异也不容忽视;欧氏距离聚类将所有居群划归为两大类群,主要与居群的群落类型与干扰程度有关;表型性状的Pearson相关性聚类显示草珊瑚同类性状在表型分化过程中具有很强的相关性。