上海环城林带景观美学评价及优化策略

选取上海环城林带7种植物群落,采用美景度评判法,从林内景观和林外景观2个空间层次和春、夏、秋、冬4个季节,应用数量化理论Ⅰ建立了美景度和各景观因子类目之间的景观评价与预测的多元回归模型,分析了群落的结构特征和季相特征对林内景观以及外貌特征对林外景观的影响,并提出相应的优化对策。结果表明:(1)群落结构特征对林内景观的影响主要因子为胸径(平均胸径和胸径变异系数)、郁闭度和疏透度。在春季,林内美景度随着树木胸径增大而增加;在夏季,郁闭度增大会提升林内美景度;在秋季,胸径变异小的群落具有更高的林内观赏性;在冬季,疏透度对林内景观美景度影响最大。(2)群落季相特征对林内景观的影响,在各季节表现亦不同。在春季,黄色、紫色等明度较高的色相和开花量适中的群落美景度最佳;在夏季,生长势好、林冠层变化小以及树干清晰度高的群落具较高的美景度,且观花可显著提高夏季林内美景度;在秋季,色彩越纯美景度越高;而在冬季,树皮颜色深的群落美景度高。(3)群落外貌特征对林外景观有显著影响,其中林冠线对林外景观美景度影响最大,其次为林缘线。具有起伏不大林冠线和自然流畅林缘线的植物群落美景度高。旨在通过对典型植被群落不同季相的美景度评价,对上海环城林带的群落景观进行定量的评价,进而为不同情景下的群落结构优化提出相应的对策,为城市森林的群落建构与管理提供科学依据。     

基于大型底栖动物群落的上海市河道水质生物学评价

2011年夏秋季,在上海市全境83个河道断面开展了河道底栖动物采样,共获取底栖动物20个分类单位（种）。9个极严重污染断面未采集到活体生物,生境基本丧失。其余74个有活体生物断面,采用三种常用生物指数：Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Hilsenhoff耐污指数、Goodnight修正指数分别进行计算及评价。Shannon-Wiener多样性指数判别为25个严重污染和49个重污染断面;Hilsenhoff耐污指数划分38个重污染、5个中污染和31个轻污染断面;Goodnight修正指数划分33个重污染、2个中污染和39个轻污染断面。与典型河道断面的水质理化指标监测值进行对照,Shannon-Weiner多样性指数对河道水质评价的准确度较低,Hilsenhoff生物指数和Goodnight修正指数的水质评价效率及准确度均较高,断面污染等级与水质理化指标基本对应。     

Chinese plasma-derived products supply under the lot release management system in 2007–2011

In 2007, the Chinese State Food and Drug Administration (SFDA) implemented a management system for lot release of all plasma-derived products. Since then, there have been only a few systematic studies of the blood supply, which is a concern when considering the small amount of plasma collected per capita (approximately 3 L/1000 people). As a result, there may be a threat to the safety of the available blood supply. In this study, we examined the characteristics of the supply of Chinese plasma-derived products. We investigated the reports of lot-released biological products derived from all 8 national or regional regulatory authorities in China from 2007 to 2011. The market supply characteristics of Chinese plasma-derived products were analyzed by reviewing the changes in supply varieties, the batches of lot-released plasma-derived products and the actual supply. As a result, the national regulatory authorities can more accurately develop a specific understanding of the production and quality management information provided by Chinese plasma product manufacturers. The implementation of the lot release system further ensures the clinical validity of the plasma-derived products in China and improves the safety of using plasma-derived products. This work provides an assessment of the future Chinese market supply of plasma-derived products and can function as a theoretical basis for the establishment of hemovigilance.     

基于生态安全格局的上海国土空间生态修复关键区域识别与修复策略

新时期国土空间生态修复被赋予维护区域生态安全、提升区域生态系统质量和稳定性、提供优质生态产品的重任。从生态安全角度准确判定国土空间待修复关键区域,是其首要事项,也是科学开展生态修复的关键和难题。本研究基于主流生态安全格局构建理论和方法,以上海市为研究区域,集成运用形态学空间格局分析方法和InVEST模型识别生态源地,利用电路理论提取生态廊道、生态“夹点”和障碍点,综合判定待修复关键区域,并提出针对性修复策略。结果表明: 上海市生态源地主要分布在长江入海口、崇明岛、杭州湾沿岸及淀山湖区域,约占研究区面积的17.9%;源间关键廊道共计103条;待修复关键区域包括12处生态“夹点”和54处生态障碍点,主要分布在生态源地与生态廊道接壤处以及生态廊道与生态廊道的交点或拐点处;根据待修复关键区域典型问题及其土地利用状况,提出生态景观重塑、重要廊道贯通和生态岸线保护修复3类修复策略分区及其可能的工程措施建议。本研究结果可为上海市编制国土空间生态修复规划,以及全国其他地区构建相近尺度生态安全格局、开展系统性生态修复工作提供参考。     

上海市不同土地利用方式下的土壤碳氮特征

在野外采样和试验分析的基础上,研究了上海市土地利用方式及其变化对土壤有机碳、总氮含量及土壤有机碳密度的影响.结果表明： 上海不同土地利用方式下的土壤有机碳、总氮含量及有机碳密度均存在显著差异.不同土地利用方式下的土壤有机碳密度大小依次为：水稻田（3.86 kg·m^-2）＞旱地（3.17 kg·m^-2）＞林地（3.15 kg·m^-2）＞撂荒地（2.73 kg·m^-2）＞城市草坪（2.65 kg·m^-2）＞园地（2.13 kg·m^-2）＞滩涂（1.38 kg·m^-2）.通过相邻样地法,分析了水田转变为旱地、农田撂荒及水田转变为人工林地等3种土地利用变化对土壤有机碳、总氮的影响.由水田转化为旱地将导致土壤有机碳、总氮含量及有机碳密度显著降低;在水热充足、土壤肥沃、农田管理水平较高的长三角平原地区,农田撂荒并不是一种提高土壤有机碳储量的有效方式;水田转变为人工林地4～5年后,林地土壤有机碳、总氮含量及有机碳密度均低于相邻的水稻田,表明水田转变为林地并未引起土壤碳、氮的增加,从短期来看,人工林土壤有机碳的汇集效应因植被生产力水平的限制还处于较低水平.     

Preoperative Monocyte-to-Lymphocyte Ratio in Peripheral Blood Predicts Stages,Metastasis, and Histological Grades in Patients with Ovarian Cancer

PURPOSE: The monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR) has been shown to be associated with the prognosis of various solid tumors. This study sought to evaluate the important value of the MLR in ovarian cancer patients. METHODS: A total of 133 ovarian cancer patients and 43 normal controls were retrospectively reviewed. The patients'' demographics were analyzed along with clinical and pathologic data. The counts of peripheral neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, and platelets were collected and used to calculate the MLR, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR). and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR). The optimal cutoff value of the MLR was determined by using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. We compared the MLR, NLR, and PLR between ovarian cancer and normal control patients and among patients with different stages and different grades, as well as between patients with lymph node metastasis and non–lymph node metastasis. We then investigated the value of the MLR in predicting the stage, grade, and lymph node positivity by using logistic regression. The impact of the MLR on overall survival (OS) was calculated by Kaplan-Meier method and compared by log-rank test. RESULTS: Statistically significant differences in the MLR were observed between ovarian cancer patients and normal controls. However, no difference was found for the NLR and PLR. Highly significant differences in the MLR were found among patients with different stages (stage I-II and stage III-IV), grades (G1 and >G1), and lymph node metastasis status. The MLR was a significant and independent risk factor for lymph node metastasis, as determined by logistic regression. The optimal cutoff value of the MLR was 0.23. We also classified the data according to tumor markers (CA125, CA199, HE4, AFP, and CEA) and conventional coagulation parameters (International Normalized Ratio [INR] and fibrinogen). Highly significant differences in CA125, CA199, HE4, INR, fibrinogen levels, and lactate dehydrogenase were found between the low-MLR group (MLR ≤ 0.23) and the high-MLR group (MLR > 0.23). Correspondingly, dramatic differences were observed between the two groups in OS. CONCLUSION: Our results show that the peripheral blood MLR before surgery could be a significant predictor of advanced stages, advanced pathologic grades, and positive lymphatic metastasis in ovarian cancer patients.     

上海市凤眼莲种群的时空分布及控制对策

凤眼莲是上海市水体中危害最严重的入侵种之一.本研究调查了上海市及所辖各区县凤眼莲种群的分布现状,结果表明,凤眼莲在各区县水体中分布不均,以与江、浙两省相接的区县危害最严重.河道内其它水生植物的分布是凤眼莲固着生长的主要机制,这些植物主要为：喜旱莲子草、菰、芦苇、牛筋草、千金子等.凤眼莲的种群爆发规律：每年3～5月为萌芽阶段,7月下旬为爆发起始时期,8月中下旬至12月上旬为爆发的高峰期,12月下旬开始枯萎死亡,但其腋芽能够存活越冬,是来年爆发的种源.上游漂移而来的凤眼莲是种群爆发的另一因素.有鉴于此,提出其控制措施：①最佳打捞季节为12月～翌年6月,以去除种源为目标;②加强与周边省份的协调合作;③开展生物防治的研究;④清理河道内及堤岸上的水生杂草.以上措施的综合施用是控制上海市凤眼莲的有力保障.     

不同动物制备的抗血清对病毒抗原免疫反应的差异

血清学技术是病毒诊断、鉴定、分类及亲缘关系分析的重要手段。一般常用以制备抗病毒血清的动物是家兔,但也有采用其它动物的,如蛙、羊、豚鼠、鸡及小鼠等。本文比较了Balb/c小鼠、昆明种小鼠和新西兰大白兔对长叶车前花叶病毒上海分离株(RMVsh)和烟草花叶病毒普通株(TMVc)的免疫反应特征。