Estimation of Individual Growth Curves by Empirically Weighted Least Squares

The simultaneous estimation of individual growth curves and a mean growth curve is accomplished by weighted least squares. A polynomial curve is fitted for each individual and the polynomial parameters are linear functions of parameters corresponding to covariates. A simple, computationally efficient variance-covariance estimator is derived. The resultant estimate is used in the weighted least squares estimation. The results are compared to empirical Bayes estimation.     

pathmatrix: a geographical information system tool to compute effective distances among samples

pathmatrix is a tool used to compute matrices of effective geographical distances among samples using a least‐cost path algorithm. This program is dedicated to the study of the role of the environment on the spatial genetic structure of populations. Punctual locations (e.g. individuals) or zones encompassing sample data points (e.g. demes) are used in conjunction with a species‐specific friction map representing the cost of movement through the landscape. Matrices of effective distances can then be exported to population genetic software to test, for example, for isolation by distance. pathmatrix is an extension to the geographical information system (GIS) software arcview 3.x.     

The catchment and climate regulation of pCO2 in boreal lakes

The regulation of surface water pCO₂ was studied in a set of 33 unproductive boreal lakes of different humic content, situated along a latitudinal gradient (57°N to 64°N) in Sweden. The lakes were sampled four times during one year, and analyzed on a wide variety of water chemistry parameters. With only one exception, all lakes were supersaturated with CO₂ with respect to the atmosphere at all sampling occasions. pCO₂ was closely related to the DOC concentration in lakes, which in turn was mainly regulated by catchment characteristics. This pattern was similar along the latitudinal gradient and at different seasons of the year, indicating that it is valid for a variety of climatic conditions within the boreal forest zone. We suggest that landscape characteristics determine the accumulation and subsequent supply of allochthonous organic matter from boreal catchments to lakes, which in turn results in boreal lakes becoming net sources of atmospheric CO₂.     

A comparison of neural networks and partial least squares for deconvoluting fluorescence spectra

This article compares backpropagation neural networks (BNN) with partial least squares (PLS) techniques in terms of their ability to deconvolute fluorescence spectra. Both actual experimental and simulated spectral data are studied for 2 binary systems. These systems consist of mixtures of tryptophan and tyrosine, and NADH and tryptophan over a total concentration range of 10(-7) to 10(-4) M. It is shown that BNN is superior to PLS for both systems.     

基于GIS的滨海盐渍化农田土壤空间变异及其分区管理

针对滨海盐渍化农田盐碱瘠薄、土壤属性空间变异大、粗放管理效益低的现实,研究管理分区精准划分方法,采取差异化措施,提升盐渍化土地利用水平。该文以无棣县农田为研究区,采用网格法结合土地利用现状定点野外采样、室内化验分析获取土壤属性数据,运用ArcGIS 10.2地统计方法分析土壤属性的空间变异特征;在MATLAB R2016a中采用模糊c-均值聚类法（FCM）计算各样点的模糊隶属度,通过插值预测模糊隶属度的空间分布,基于最大隶属度原则进行分区;通过变异性分析和最小极差法（LSR）差异显著性检验,对分区结果进行精度验证。结果表明：无棣县农田土壤总体呈轻中度盐渍化,有效氮含量偏低,有机质、有效磷含量中等,速效钾含量较高;有机质、有效氮、有效磷、速效钾和含盐量呈中等变异性（变异系数25.0%-52.3%）,空间变异性较大,应分区调控;速效钾、含盐量和pH的块金效应值小于25%,主要受土壤质地、地下水矿化度等结构因素影响,有机质、有效氮和有效磷的块金效应值在50%-75%之间,受耕作方式、施肥等人为因素影响较大。将全县农田划分为3类管理区,估算面积分别为2.56万hm²、1.76万hm²、3.24万hm²;各分区土壤养分变异系数分别为23.9%-51.5%、15.9%-50.3%、14.7%-33.0%,检验结果表明各分区间差异显著,而各分区内部变异性明显低于未分区。管理分区与土壤属性空间分布特征具有较高的拟合度,分区结果可以作为差异化管理的作业单元。研究结果为各分区内部统一、不同分区间差异化管理提供了依据,研究有助于推进滨海盐渍化农田精准化管理水平的提高。     

食用调和油中花生油含量的近红外光谱分析

采用偏最小二乘法(PLS)等方法建立了食用调和油中花生油含量定量分析的近红外光谱定标模型。采集食用调和油样品在4 000 cm-1~10 000 cm-1范围内的近红外漫反射光谱,光谱经一阶导数处理后,采用偏最小二乘法建立样品中花生油含量的定标模型,并用Leave-one-out内部交叉验证法对模型进行验证。模型相关系数为0.99961,校正均方根RMSEC为0.830%。比较不同光谱预处理方法对定标模型的影响,结果表明一阶导数Corr.coeff最好。采用不同的化学计量学方法建立的定标模型中以偏最小二乘回归法最理想。     

子代身高性别对父母身高的回归分析

对抽样调查的身高数据进行计量分析,建立了子代对亲代身高的回归分析模型,揭示了子代身高与亲代身高的遗传率;研究结果表明,父母身高对下一代的遗传率强度不同,母亲要强于父亲;子女接受遗传的效应也不一样,女儿要强于儿子;建立了性别遗传模型,深入研究了亲代父母之间的身高差对子代性别的影响,亲代身高差越大,则生女孩的几率就越大,反之生男孩的几率就越大．     

基于Sentinel-2数据的草地植物功能多样性遥感反演及其与生产力的关系

生物多样性与生态系统功能的关系是当前生态学研究的焦点和难点。植物功能多样性是影响生态系统功能的重要指标, 开展植物功能多样性的研究对了解生物多样性与生态系统功能之间的关系有着重要意义。传统的草地植物功能多样性研究多以实地调查为主, 不仅费时费力, 而且由于受到时空的限制, 很难拓展到大尺度的研究中。遥感技术的发展为评估草地功能多样性提供了一种经济、有效的手段。该研究选取内蒙古自治区锡林郭勒盟乌拉盖管理区草甸草原为研究区, 利用Sentinel-2卫星影像和野外实测数据, 选取了波段及植被指数等46个特征变量, 探讨了逐步回归、偏最小二乘法(PLSR)和随机森林(RFR)等3种不同方法对草地植物功能丰富度(FRic)、功能均匀度(FEve)和功能离散度(FDiv)的反演精度, 并基于PLSR反演草地地上生物量, 进一步分析了研究区功能多样性与生产力的关系。研究结果表明: (1)波段B11、优化型土壤调节植被指数(OSAVI)、水波段指数(WBI)对FRic解释度最高; 波段B6、B10、B12、类胡萝卜素反射指数1 (CRI1)、双峰光学指数(D)、归一化差值指数45 (NDI45)等6个特征变量对FEve解释度最高; 波段B5、B9、B10、B11、加权差分植被指数(WDVI)、凸包面积等对FDiv解释度最高; (2)基于十折重复交叉验证, 利用逐步回归估算的FRic和FEve反演精度远高于其他两种回归方法, R²分别为0.52和0.44; 而利用PLSR方法估算的FDiv反演精度最高(R² = 0.61); (3)群落地上生物量反演精度为R² = 0.61; FRic与地上生产力的关系最好(R² = 0.40), 其次为FDiv (R² = 0.28)和FEve (R² = 0.27)。研究发现, 基于Sentinel-2卫星影像能较好地反演草地功能多样性和生产力, 为下一步能在大尺度上进行草地功能多样性估算及其与生产力关系研究提供了参考和依据。     

PLS-ANN判别分析自体荧光光谱识别胃癌

本文对58例胃癌病人离体标本的癌浆膜和正常浆膜进行以308nm为激发光的自体荧光光谱检测,采用多因素分析法进行光谱信息提取,以识别胃癌。研究表明偏最小二乘法结合神经网络法（简称PLS—ANN）进行判别分析,诊断胃癌的灵敏度为86％,特异度为100％,准确率为93％,有望成为手术中快速识别胃癌在胃壁的浸润范围的有效方法。