The youngest split in sympatric schizothoracine fish (Cyprinidae) is shaped by ecological adaptations in a Tibetan Plateau glacier lake

Although new empirical evidence shows that sympatric speciation has occurred in some species, there are few indisputable model organisms for this process of speciation. The two subspecies ( Gymnocypris eckloni eckloni and G . e . scoliostomus ) of the schizothoracine Gymnocypris fish species complex from a small glacier lake in the Tibetan Plateau, Lake Sunmcuo, fit several of the key characteristics of the sympatric speciation model. We used combined mitochondrial control region sequences and the cytochrome b gene (1894 bp) to address the phylogenetics and population genetics of 232 specimens of G . e . eckloni and G . e . scoliostomus , as well as all of its closely related sister species. We found that: (i) a total of four old lineages were uncovered in the widespread G . e . eckloni , of which only one was shown to be shared with all G . e . scoliostomus individuals and (ii) the new subspecies ( G . e . scoliostomus ) evolved in Lake Sunmcuo from the ancestral G . e . eckloni population within approximately 0.057 Ma. These two taxa of the species complex are morphologically distinct, and reproductive isolation is further suggested. Ecological disruptive selection based on morphological traits (e.g. mouth cleft characters) and food utilization may be a mechanism of incipient speciation of two sympatric populations within Lake Sunmcuo. This study provides the first genetic evidence for sympatric speciation in the schizothoracine fish.     

色林错裸鲤的年龄鉴定

本文对色体错裸鲤（Gymnocypris selincuoensis) 的年龄、年龄形成时间以及臀鳞、背鳍条磨片和耳石磨对年龄解释的一致性问题进行了探讨。结果表明在取样的258尾标本中,臀鳞鉴定的年龄在1－21龄之间,背鳍条磨片为1－20龄,耳石磨片为1－29龄。背鳍条和耳石磨片对年龄的判别能力分别为98.41%和94.44%,而臀鳞只有62.30%。在这三种年龄鉴定的材料中,以耳石磨片上的年轮计数最高;尤其是15龄以上的个体,耳石磨片年龄计数与臀鳞及背鳍条磨片计数相差可达5－8龄。年轮的形成时间在每年的4－6月。     

用RAPD技术对特化等级裂腹鱼类亲缘关系的探讨

为确定特化等级裂腹鱼类的遗传分化关系 ,对 7种 2 2个裂腹鱼个体进行随机扩增多态DNA(RAPD)研究。从所使用的 40个随机引物中 ,选择了 37个扩增带谱清晰的引物进行分析。根据构建的分子系统树显示 ,特化等级裂腹鱼类划分为 3个属级分类单元较为合适 ,这与采用形态学特征进行系统分析所得出的结论一致。在 2 2个个体之间遗传距离矩阵中 ,最大的遗传距离指数达到了 90 38% ,此外 ,还有较多的遗传距离指数也在 6 0 %～ 90 %之间。通过分析 ,认为用RAPD标记技术来分析属级或属级以上分类单元的亲缘关系 ,具有一定的适用性。对于一些遗传差异较大的类群 (如裂腹鱼类 ) ,应用属级或属级以上分类单元的亲缘关系 ,很可能会出现个体之间遗传距离接近或达到 10 0 %的情况 ,从而无法探讨其相互之间的亲缘关系。     

色林错裸鲤的年轮特征

本文描述了色林错裸鲤 (Gymnocyprisselincuoensis)的臀鳞、背鳍条磨片和耳石磨片上的生长标志及特征 ,指出色林错裸鲤臀鳞上的繁殖痕迹 ,以及耳石磨片早期生长中出现类似月周期的生长阻断、光镜下透明带中日生长增长的减少甚至消失等现象与色林错裸鲤的繁殖习性及多变的高原环境相关。在 5种年龄鉴定的材料中 ,以耳石磨片上的轮纹特征最为明显、清晰且规律性强 ,是最好的年龄解释材料 ,而鳃盖骨和脊椎骨上都只能观察到少数几个轮纹 ,并不适合用作年龄鉴定的材料。     

色林错裸鲤的生长

对藏北高原色林错湖泊中色林错裸鲤（Gymnocypris selincuoensis)的生长方程、生长拐点以及生长指标等生长特征进行了分析。结果表明von Bertalanffy生长方程、Gompertz方程和三次多项式方程都可以反映色林错裸鲤的生长过程,但Gompertz方程能够很好地描述12龄之前的生长特征,而von Bertalanffy生长方程更适合描述18龄以后的生长特征。这种情况反映了色林错裸鲤具有洄游性鱼类更换生活环境的生活史特征。雄性体长的von Bertalanffy生长方程为：Lt=484.1906[1-e^-0.06839(t-0.06028)],雄性为Lt=485.3285[1-e^-0.0710(t-0.5679)]。体长和体重关系为W＝0.00023L^-5.5303(♂）和W＝0.00046L^2.4072(♀）。生长拐点为12.9龄（♀）和14．2龄（♂）。与其它裂腹鱼类相比,色林错裸鲤的生长过程尤为缓慢,这与其生存的环境条件更为恶劣直接相关。     

色林错渔业生产的现状与可持续利用的对策

色林错裸鲤（Gymnocypris selincuoensis)是藏北色林错湖泊中惟一的一种鱼类。本文介绍了色林错渔业的开发利用情况,并对色林错裸鲤最小捕捞年龄、捕捞强度、最小网目以及最佳年捕捞产量进行了探讨。从可持续发展的角度,我们认为对色林错鱼类资源的利用必须以保证现有湖泊生态系统的稳定为核心,在满足维持一个足够数量及年龄结构的繁殖群体的基础上,以获得最佳持续经济利益为目标。以往强调甚至采用的最大持续产量理论在高原极端环境条件下并不能作为鱼类资源利用的追求目标或确定渔产量的标准,而只能作为对其捕捞强度的参考。总的允许渔获量应当根据最适捕捞死亡率F0．2来确定。本文最后提出了色林错湖泊鱼类资源可持续利用的8条具体措施。     

裂腹鱼亚科鱼类Hif-α基因的分子进化及低氧诱导表达

目的 探究低氧诱导因子Hif-α在裂腹鱼亚科鱼类适应低氧环境中的作用及表达调控。方法 利用RT-PCR技术获得了裂腹鱼亚科鱼类13个代表物种的Hif-1αΑ、Hif-1αB、Hif-2αΑ和Hif-2αB基因编码区序列,基于裂腹鱼亚科鱼类系统进化关系开展了基因选择压力分析,并选取花斑裸鲤进行低氧诱导表达研究。结果 Hif-1αΑ、Hif-1αB、Hif-2αΑ和Hif-2αB基因编码区长度分别为2196、2325、2544和2511 bp。通过序列比对发现裂腹鱼亚科鱼类HIF1αΑNODD结构域中保守脯氨酸羟基化基序LxxLAP发生缺失,特化及高度特化的裂腹鱼的HIF1αBCODD结构域中脯氨酸羟基化基序突变为PxxLAP。与常氧组相比,在重度缺氧条件下花斑裸鲤的脑和心脏组织中部分Hif-α基因表达量显著下降,在中度低氧中心脏组织中的Hif-1αA和Hif-2αA基因表达量上调。结论 Hif-α基因在13个物种中受到正向选择作用,但具体物种分支有待进一步研究,同时裂腹鱼亚科鱼类在适应慢性低氧和急性低氧环境可能存在两种不同的表达调控机制。     

Characterization and development of SSR markers of schizothoracine fish (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) based on SLAF-seq Technique

Highly specialized grade of Schizothoracine fishe is primarily distributed in the drainage of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and its surrounding region, which has precious biological resources. However, overfishing and habitat destruction have seriously affected the germplasm resources and population genetic structure of HSG, so it is a significance to search for reliable genetic markers to protect its wild resources. In this work, 27 novel polymorphic microsatellite were firstly generated for the entire HSG based on the SLAF data of the grade and assess their polymorphism in HSG from 4 genera of 8 species. Among which W24, W41, W50 were existed only in 3–4 populations with low amplification efficiency, and loci of W3, W6, W12, W25, W28, and W32 were absent in 1–3 species, the rest of that 18 loci were successfully amplified in all specimens. The average of the number of alleles (NA) per locus was 46.04, ranging from 12 to 79, and the average observed and expected heterozygosities were estimated from 0.539 to 0.785 and 0.471 to 0.669 in 8 species, respectively. The average polymorphic information content (PIC) of each species was from 0.669 to 0.433. The range of average Shannon-Weiner diversity index (H') were calculated from 0.914 to 1.717 in 8 species. To sum up, we developed 27 microsatellite loci with higher quality and stability, which could provide effective technical support for the study of germplasm resources of highly specialized grade of schizothoracine fishe.