The spatial arrangement of germ line cells in ovarian follicles of the mutantdicephalic inDrosophila melanogaster

Summary The pattern of intercellular connections between germ line cells has been studied in follicles of the mutantdicephalic (dic), which possess nurse cell clusters at both poles. Staining of follicles with a fluorescent rhodamine conjugate of phalloidin reveals ring canals and cell membranes and thus allows us to reconstruct the spatial organization of the follicle. Each germ line cell can be identified by the pattern of cell-cell connections which reflect the mitotic history of individual cells in the 16-cell cluster. The results indicate that in both wild-type anddicephalic cystocyte clusters one of the two cells with four ring canals normally becomes the pro-oocyte. However, in some follicles (dicephalic and wild-type) oocytes were found with fewer or more than four ring canals. Indic follicles, one or several nurse cells may become disconnected from the other cells during oocyte growth at stage 9–10. Such disconnected cells cannot later on empty their cytoplasm into the oocyte. This, in turn, might be of consequence for the determination of axial polarity of the embryo.     

Immunocytochemical and electron-microscopic investigations of the pineal organ in adult agamid lizards,Uromastix hardwicki

Summary Lacertilian species display a remarkable diversity in the organization of the neural apparatus of their pineal organ (epiphysis cerebri). The occurrence of immunoreactive S-antigen and opsin was investigated in the retina and pineal organ of adult lizards, Uromastix hardwicki. In this species, numerous retinal photoreceptors displayed S-antigen-like immunoreactivity, whereas only very few pinealocytes were labeled. Immunoreactive opsin was found neither in retinal photoreceptors nor in pinealocytes. Electron microscopy showed that all pinealocytes of Uromastix hardwicki resemble modified pineal photoreceptors. A peculiar observation is the existence of a previously undescribed membrane system in the inner segments of these cells. It is evidently derived from the rough endoplasmic reticulum but consists of smooth membranes. The modified pineal photoreceptor cells of Uromastix hardwicki were never seen to establish synaptic contacts with somata or dendrites of intrapineal neurons, which are extremely rare. Vesiclecrowned ribbons are prominent in the basal processes of the receptor cells, facing the basal lamina or establishing receptor-receptor and receptor-interstitial type synaptoid contacts. Dense-core granules (60–250 nm in diameter) speak in favor of a secretory activity of the pinealocytes. Attention is drawn to the existence of receptor-receptor and receptor-interstitial cell contacts indicating intramural cellular relationships that deserve further study.Supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Ko 758/31) and the Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst (Senior DAAD Research Fellowship to M.A.H.)     

Separation of chitosomes and secretory vesicles from the “slime” variant of Neurospora crassa

Cells from the slime variant of Neurospora crassa were broken in isotonic conditions by use of triethanolamine buffer plus EDTA. After removal of large membranous structures by low-speed centrifugation, chitosomes and secretory vesicles were separated by means of gel filtration, precipitation of membranous contaminants with Concanavalin A, and centrifugation in sucrose or glycerol gradients. Polypeptidic composition of fractions enriched in secretory vesicles or chitosomes was found to be distinct. By these criteria we concluded that chitosomes and secretory vesicles represent different populations of microvesicles. Both microvesicular populations appeared free of endoplasmic reticulum and vacuolar contaminants as demonstrated by determination of appropriate enzymatic markers.Abbreviations ER Endoplasmic reticulum - UDP-GlcNAc uridine-5-diphosphate N-acetyl glucosamine - GlcNAc N-acetyl glucosamine - SDS sodium dodecyl sulfate - PMSF phenyl methyl sulfonyl fluoride - EDTA ethylene diamino tetraacetic acid Investigador Nacional de Mexico. On leave from the Centro de Investigacion y Estudios Avanzados (IPN), and the Universidad de Guanajuato, Gto., Mexico     

Nerve-induced secretion of parotid acinar granules in cats

Summary Electron microscopy of cat parotid glands revealed great heterogeneity in the secretory granules of normal unstimulated acinar cells. Electrical stimulation of the parasympathetic nerve to the gland evoked a copious flow of parotid saliva which was accompanied by an extensive depletion of the secretory granules from the acinar cells. Exocytosis was captured as it was occurring by means of perfusion-fixation, and showed that the events occur in a conventional manner. Stimulation of the sympathetic nerve caused only a very small flow of saliva, and no acinar degranulation was detected. It can be concluded that the parasympathetic secretomotor axons provide the main drive for parotid acinar degranulation in the cat. This contrasts with the rat in which sympathetic impulses provide the main stimulus for parotid acinar degranulation. These dissimilarities serve to emphasise how extensively species differences may influence autonomic responses in salivary glands.     

The epithelium overlying rabbit bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue does not express the secretory component of immunoglobulin A

Summary The epithelium associated with lymphoid aggregates in the bronchial tract (BALT) was studied in rabbits by immunohistochemistry using monoclonal antibodies against the secretory component (SC) of IgA. The normal bronchus epithelium was intensely labelled. In contrast, epithelium overlying the central parts of the follicles was negative. This specialized epithelium cannot participate in the SC-mediated transport of IgA, which might be a basis for the adherence and transport of microorganisms into the lymphoid tissue, thus initiating immune responses of the BALT.     

Functional vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)-system in salt glands of the Pekin duck

Summary In saltwater-acclimated ducks with fully specialized supraorbital salt glands, intracarotid application of acetylcholine (5 nmoles/min/kg b.w.) or porcine vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (pVIP) (240 pmoles/min/kg b.w.) induced secretion from the salt glands at threshold conditions of secretory activity. pVIP-like immunoreactivity could be localized in fibers of the postganglionic secretory nerve ramifying throughout the glandular parenchyma. Both middle-sized arterioles and secretory tubules were innervated, and pVIP-immunoreactive varicose fibers formed peritubular baskets around the basal region of secretory tubules indicating direct innervation of the secretory tissue. pVIP-specific staining could be abolished by preabsorption of the antiserum with peptide extracts of salt-gland tissue. Synthetic pVIP and endogenous VIP from salt glands of the duck co-eluted on the HPLC system, suggesting structural similarity of the peptides. Membrane-binding studies with radioiodinated pVIP revealed the presence of high-affinity binding sites in salt-gland tissue. Affinities of unlabeled pVIP analogues to compete for these binding sites were as follows: pVIP > PHI > pVIP antagonist > secretin > pVIP (10–28) > chicken VIP (16–28). Peptide extracts of salt glands had affinities similar to pVIP. Binding sites could be localized mainly at the apical end of the radially arranged secretory tubules, as demonstrated by receptor autoradiography.It is concluded that, in addition to the classical parasympathetic transmitter acetycholine, VIP serves as neuromodulator/transmitter in cranial parasympathetic control of avian salt-gland secretion by acting on both the arteriolar network and the secretory tubules of the gland.     

慈菇匍匐茎中分泌道的初步研究

慈茹匍蔔茎的分泌道是裂生的胞间道,分布于匍匐茎的基本组织中。单个分泌道原始细胞起始于离茎端约1毫米处的基本分生组织中,原始细胞经分裂形成5—7个上皮细胞包围着中央的裂生腔隙,成为管道系统。上皮细胞无鞘细胞包围。上皮细胞中高尔基体和内质网发达,并溢出小囊泡向着分泌道腔隙面壁的质膜附近迁移,乳汁中亦存在大量完整的小囊泡。上皮细胞和外围薄壁细胞之间的壁层具有大量胞间连丝,小囊泡和内质网的膜结构与胞间连丝末端相接,同时可见上皮细胞的质膜在数处反折内陷,形成袋状结构,在与上皮细胞相对的薄壁细胞内也有同样现象出现,袋状结构内含小形颗粒或囊泡,并在结构上显示出上皮细胞与相邻薄壁细胞间存在着活跃的物质交流。由此认为。代谢物质以整体小囊泡的形式经胞间连丝或内陷的质膜向分泌道迁移是物质运输和分泌的可能方式之一。在电镜下观察,液泡中的积聚物与乳汁十分相似,液泡可能是乳汁的贮存场所之一。     

Ageing adipokinetic cells in Locusta migratoria: an ultrastructural morphometric study

Summary A morphometric study was made of the ultrastructure of adipokinetic cells in resting adults of Locusta migratoria at 3, 23, and 43 days after imaginal ecdysis. The nucleus, rough endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus enlarge with age, which indicates that the synthesis and packaging of secretory substances increases during ageing. The size of the storage compartment, consisting of secretory and ergastoplasmic granules, does not increase earlier than 23–43 days after imaginal ecdysis. The lysosomal compartment markedly enlarges between 3 and 23 days; later on, the growth of this compartment, especially of autophagosomes, is less prominent. This suggests that lysosomal destruction initially compensates for the production of new secretory granules, assuming that exocytosis of secretory granules by adipokinetic cells is insignificant in resting locusts. Afterwards, lysosomal destruction may no longer be sufficient to prevent over-production of secretory granules, as is suggested by the increase in the number of these granules between 23 and 43 days. This coincides with the appearance of a considerable number of large ergastoplasmic granules, which represent a spatially more efficient form of storage of secretory material than the much smaller secretory granules. The increase with age in the amount of secretory products indicates that the biosynthetic activity of the adipokinetic cells is not (finely) tuned to their releasing activity.     

Characterization of different forms of yeast acid trehalase in the secretory pathway

The biosynthesis and processing of the vacuolar (lysosomal) acid trehalase (molecular mass about 220 kDa) was followed in vivo using mutants conditionally defective in the secretory pathway. A precursor of 41 kDa was found in sec61 mutant cells deficient in translocation of secretory protein precursors into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. Endoglycosidase H and N-glycosidase F treatment of purified acid trehalase in vitro resulted in a 41 kDa band, indicating that the precursor form found in sec61 mutant cells corresponds to the carbohydrate-free form of the enzyme. sec 18 mutant cells, blocked in the delivery of secretory proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi body accumulate a form with a molecular mass of 76 kDa which probably corresponds to a partially glycosylated precursor of the mature acid trehalase. This precursor partially disappears in favour of the appearance of a higher molecular weight component of 180 kDa in sec7 mutants which are blocked in the delivery step of secretory proteins from the Golgi body to the vacuole. In wild-type cells the fully glycosylated mature form of acid trehalase of about 220 kDa was observed accompanied by some 180 kDa and 76 kDa material.