Inductive activity and enduring cellular constitution of a supernumerary apical ectodermal ridge grafted to the limb bud of the chick embryo.

Apical ectodermal ridges (AERs) isolated from 3- to 4-day chick and quail embryos were prepared by means of trypsinization and microdissection and then were grafted to the dorsal or ventral side of a host chick wing bud. They induced supernumerary limb outgrowths from the host bud showing, respectively, a bidorsal or biventral organization, as determined by the patterns of feather germs. The grafted ridge cells persisted, as revealed by histological sections of supernumerary chick limb parts growing under the influence of quail AERs, whose cells are readily distinguished after application of the Feulgen reagent.These results show that the AER induces limb outgrowth regardless of whether it is associated with dorsal or ventral limb ectoderm and that its continued existence is not dependent on contributions of ectodermal cells from the opposed ectodermal faces of the limb bud. The AER is pictured as maintaining the subjacent mesoderm in a condition of developmental plasticity without specifying its differentiation with respect to the proximodistal axis. It remains uncertain whether the positional values of cells that develop under the influence of the AER arise within these cells themselves or appear in response to influences from proximal sources.     

Isolation and characterization of polymorphic microsatellite loci from the pink bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

Thirteen polymorphic microsatellite markers were developed from an enriched partial genomic library for the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), one of the most important cotton pests in the world. The total number of alleles ranged from two to 12 for a sample of 50 individuals and the expected heterozygosity at these loci ranged from 0.042 to 0.830. Although the presence of null alleles in some loci is suspected, these polymorphic markers are likely to provide useful tools for the population genetic studies of this species.     

The control of the anteroposterior and dorsoventral axes in embryonic chick limbs constructed of dissociated and reaggregated limb-bud mesoderm

In the 3- to 4-day embryonic avian limb bud, a unique zone of mesodermal tissue is located posteriorly at the junction of bud and body wall. Appropriately grafted to a host limb bud, it induces the formation of a supernumerary limb outgrowth from preaxial tissue and determines that its posterior side will face the graft. It is called the zone of polarizing activity (ZPA).When limb-bud mesoderm is isolated, dissociated, reaggregated centrifugally, jacketed in the mesoderm-free hull of another limb bud, and grown as a graft on a host embryo, the recombinant frequently forms a limb-like structure terminating in digits that fail to show differentiation with respect to the anteroposterior axis. When, however, a bit of ZPA tissue is implanted in the recombinant subjacent to the anterior or posterior margin of the ectoderm, the resulting outgrowth shows a characteristic anteroposterior order of digits that corresponds to the placement of the implant, regardless of its relationship with the anteroposterior axis of the ectoderm or of the host embryo.Dorsoventral differentials have been recognized only in limbs formed from reaggregated leg-bud mesoderm. The direction of the dorsoventral axis always corresponds to the original axis of the ectodermal jacket regardless of the orientation of the recombinant on the host.     

合欢吉丁Agrilus subrobustus Saunders的学名厘定及危害特性

【目的】本文对危害合欢Albizia julibrissin Durazz的钻蛀性害虫合欢吉丁Agrilus subrobustus Saunders各虫态形态特征及危害特性进行了研究与描述,深入探索其虫道三维结构,以期为合欢吉丁的发生监测及防治提供依据。【方法】查阅相关文献,记述整理了合欢吉丁学名的变化过程,详细地观察并描述了剖腹卵、幼虫、蛹、成虫的形态特征;首次研究总结其坑道系统的各指标特点:虫口密度、坑道长宽、侵入孔特征、蛹室特征、羽化孔特征等,明确了完整虫道的发生发展规律;基于坑道拍照、各向量指标测量,对坑道进行科学手绘,使用Autodesk Maya软件完成合欢吉丁完整虫道的三维重建。【结果】合欢吉丁幼虫细长、乳白色,蛹为裸蛹。成虫铜绿色具金属光泽,观察对比其前胸背板长宽比、盘区和肩前隆脊形态,前胸腹板突形状,鞘翅柔毛分布位置,阳茎形态等特征,结合文献,明确其学名为Agrilus subrobustus Saunders。合欢吉丁主要危害树干韧皮部及木质部,具向阳性;在树皮下钻蛀坑道,侵入孔圆形,不超过1 mm;蛹室米粒状,多位于木质部,少数位于韧皮部;羽化孔"D"型;坑道形状具有规律性,可分为3种:"Z"字型及其变型,密集上下迂回型,椭圆或近半圆型坑道。【结论】基于形态特征的详细描述、学名厘定,有利于合欢吉丁的鉴定及学名的正确使用;完整虫道的复原便于在非成虫期结合寄主种类鉴定害虫种类、评估虫口密度和危害程度,为合欢吉丁的监测提供了具体的判别方法,为化学防治、生物防治等提供参考与技术支持。     

无忧花茸毒蛾的生物学习性

无忧花茸毒蛾（Ｄａｓｙｃｈｉｒａ ｈｏｒｓｆｉｅｌｄｉ　Ｓａｕｎｄｅｒｓ）在山东１年发生３代,以蛹越冬。翌年４月中、下旬成虫羽化、产卵,幼虫６～７龄,一生可食泡桐叶片１～２．６片（２５０－６５０ｃｍ~２）。各虫态历期分别为：卵１０～２２天;幼虫２５～５０天;蛹８～１５天（越冬蛹１６０－１８０天）。其生长发育受寄主植物,空气温、湿度的影响,种群数量的消长则受天敌、降雨和冬季低温的制约。防治可采用在树干基部打孔注入内吸农药,既不伤害天敌,也可减少对环境的污染。     

Statistical modeling of cell-to-cell variability in viral infection during passaging in suspension cell culture: Application in Monte-Carlo simulation

Packaging during the passaging of viruses in cell cultures yields various phenotypes and is regulated by viral protein expression in infected cells. Although such a packaging mechanism has a profound effect in controlling the virus yield, little is known about the underlying statistical models followed by virus packaging and protein expression among cells infected with the virus. A predictive framework combining identification of the probability density function (PDF) based on log-likelihood and using the PDF for Monte-Carlo simulations is developed. The Birnbaum–Saunders distribution was found to be consistent with all three-virus packaging levels, including nucleocapsids/occlusion-derived virus (ODV), ODVs/polyhedra, and polyhedra/cell for both wild-type and genetically modified AcMNPV. Next, it was demonstrated that PDF fitting could be used to compare two viruses having distinctly different genetic configurations. Finally, the identified PDF can be incorporated in RNA synthesis parameters for baculovirus infection to predict the cell-to-cell variability in protein expression using Monte-Carlo simulations. The proposed tool can be used for the estimation of uncertainty in the kinetic parameter and prediction of cell-to-cell variability for other biological systems.     

Factors affecting the efficacy of trapping system to the peach fruit fly (PFF) males,Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) (Diptera: Tephritidae)

This study was conducted in Arab-Elmadabegh region located at the Northern West part of Assiut city at the border with the Western Desert. Four types of traps; Bottle trap, Glass McPhail trap, Plastic McPhail trap, and Abdel-Kawi trap baited with different doses of methyl eugenol (ME) were used. Obtained results indicated that Abdel-Kawi trap charged with 0.5?ml ME, it was the most effective trapping system. ME seemed to be with highly attracting effect, but most of the attracted males were found on the outside surface of the trap and on the branches surround the trap. Under these conditions, the females/males ration became 1:171. Thus, the believing tactic that fruit flies populations will decline due to the lack of males in the population available to females for mating seemed to be an erroneous believing. Results proved that PFF males had the highest activity at the dawn period between 5 and 7am. We strongly recommend using the trapping system consists of Abdel-Kawi trap charged with 0.5?ml ME only at dawn period (The first appearance of light in the morning followed by sunrise).     

Population fluctuations and interspecific competition between Tephritid flies attacking fruit crops in the New Valley oases,Egypt

Population fluctuations of the Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) and the peach fly Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) were monitored with lure trap collections in three provinces in the New Valley oases, Western Desert, Egypt. Results showed marked temporal differences in peak trap catches of the two flies in the selected sites all over the entire studied areas. One annual peak of C. capitata was recorded during both October 2005 and February 2006 and coincided with the ripening period of citrus trees in Kharga oases. However, two annual peaks were recorded during June and September 2005 in Bodkholow province and coincided with the ripening period of apple and mango. On the other hand, two annual peaks of B. zonata were recorded in Kharga oases throughout May and September and coincided with the ripening periods of apricot, mango and guava. One annual peak only was recorded in the round up of September and/or October in both Moot and Bodkholow in Dakhla oases and coincided with the ripening period of mango, guava and citrus. The occurrence of C. capitata was very limited in comparison with B. zonata. Population fluctuations of the two pests in the studied sites were significantly different. The ability of the traps used in capturing both C. capitata and B. zonata indicated that the yellow sticky trap was more effective in capturing C. capitata. However, the Abdel-Kawi trap was significantly efficient at trapping B. zonata. The occurrence of B. zontata in high numbers all over the study period compared to C. capitata is considered as good proof that this invading fly may be considered as a vigorous competitive tephritid fly to the native fly C. capitata.     

Zoological Systematics Contents Volume 39

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