Genes for the biosynthesis of spinosyns: applications for yield improvement in Saccharopolyspora spinosa

Spinosyns A and D are the active ingredients in an insect control agent produced by fermentation of Saccharopolyspora spinosa. Spinosyns are macrolides with a 21-carbon, tetracyclic lactone backbone to which the deoxysugars forosamine and tri-O-methylrhamnose are attached. The spinosyn biosynthesis genes, except for the rhamnose genes, are located in a cluster that spans 74 kb of the S. spinosa genome. DNA sequence analysis, targeted gene disruptions and bioconversion studies identified five large genes encoding type I polyketide synthase subunits, and 14 genes involved in sugar biosynthesis, sugar attachment to the polyketide or cross-bridging of the polyketide. Four rhamnose biosynthetic genes, two of which are also necessary for forosamine biosynthesis, are located outside the spinosyn gene cluster. Duplication of the spinosyn genes linked to the polyketide synthase genes stimulated the final step in the biosynthesis — the conversion of the forosamine-less pseudoaglycones to endproducts. Duplication of genes involved in the early steps of deoxysugar biosynthesis increased spinosyn yield significantly. Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology (2001) 27, 399–402. Received 31 May 2001/ Accepted in revised form 09 July 2001     

白粉菌属一新种

本文报道了寄生在白花菜科醉蝶花属上的一个白粉菌属新种醉蝶花白粉菌Erysiphecleomes白花菜科是白粉菌在我国的寄主科新记录。新种有中文和拉丁文描述。     

Isolation of Two Plasticizers,Bis(2-ethylhexyl) Terephthalate and Bis(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate,from Capparis spinosa L. Leaves

Many plants have been known to be contaminated and accumulate plasticizers from the environment, including water sources, soil, and atmosphere. Plasticizers are used to confer elasticity and flexibility to various fiber and plastic products. Consumption of plasticizers can lead to many adverse effects on human health, including reproductive and developmental toxicity, endocrine disruption, and cancer. Herein, we report for the first time that two plasticizers, bis(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DEHT) and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), have been isolated from the leaves of Capparis spinosa L. (the caper bush), a plant that is widely used in food seasonings and traditional medicine. 297 mg/kg of DEHT and 48 mg/kg of DEHP were isolated from dried and grounded C. spinosa L. leaves using column chromatography and semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatography. Our study adds to the increase in the detection of plasticizers in our food and medicinal plants and to the alarming concern about their potential adverse effects on human health.     

In Vitro Effects of Ginseng and the Seed of Zizyphus jujuba var. spinosa on Gut Microbiota of Rats with Spleen Deficiency

Ginseng and the seed of Zizyphus jujuba var. spinosa, which are traditional Chinese medicinal materials, were often used in ancient Chinese recipes as a pair of medicines. They can replenish the primordial qi and tonify the spleen. This study investigated the effects of ginseng and the seed of Zizyphus jujuba var. spinosa (GS) extract on gut microbiota diversity in rats with spleen deficiency syndrome (SDS). A total of 52 compounds (including 16 flavonoids, 35 saponins, and 1 alkaloid) were identified and analyzed from the GS extract by UPLC‐Q‐Orbitrap‐MS/MS. The GS extract significantly increased the relative abundance of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes in rats with SDS but decreased that of Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria. At the genus level, the GS extract significantly increased the relative abundance of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium in rats with SDS but decreased that of Streptococcus, Escherichia‐Shigella, Veillonella, and Enterococcus. In addition, the GS extract influenced glucose and amino acid metabolism. In summary, the results showed that the GS extract changed the structure and diversity of gut microbiota in rats with SDS and balanced the metabolic process.     

丹参多酚酸盐对维持性血液透析患者残余肾功能与钙磷代谢的影响

目的:探讨丹参多酚酸盐对维持性血液透析患者残余肾功能与钙磷代谢的影响。方法:2014年1月-2019年5月选择在本院肾内科就诊的终末期肾病患者72例,根据随机数字表法分为观察组与对照组各36例。所有患者都给予维持性血液透析治疗,在此基础上观察组给予丹参多酚酸盐治疗,持续3个月,记录残余肾功能与钙磷代谢变化情况。结果:治疗后观察组的总有效率为97.2%,高于对照组的83.3%(P<0.05)。两组治疗后的24 h尿量、肾小球滤过率(glomerular filtration rate,GFR)、血清转化生长因子β1(Transforming growth factorβ1,TGF-β1)和白介素-6(Interleukin-6,IL-6)低于治疗前,观察组也低于对照组(P<0.05)。两组治疗后的血钙值高于治疗前,观察组也高于对照组;两组治疗后的血磷值低于治疗前,观察组也低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:丹参多酚酸盐在维持性血液透析患者中的应用有利于残余肾功能的恢复,调节钙磷代谢平衡,抑制炎症因子的表达,从而提高治疗效果。     

丹参转录因子基因SmMYCamiRNA表达载体的构建及其对丹参的转化

丹参（Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge）为我国传统中药,其活性成分的药理作用广泛,尤其在防治心血管病药物中具有重要作用。丹参水溶性酚酸类物质合成途径由苯丙烷代谢和酪氨酸代谢共同参与而成。转录因子对植物次生代谢起着十分重要的调节作用。我们前期测序结果显示,SmMyc是一个丹参bHLH类转录因子,可能参与丹参酚酸类化合物生物合成的调控。本研究利用拟南芥miRNA319前体为模板骨架,通过over-lappingPCR技术构建旨在能对SmMYC进行特异性沉默的at-tificalmiRNA（amiRNA）植物表达载体,命名为pCambial302-amiR-SmMYC,并通过农杆菌介导的遗传转化方法将其导入丹参。Real．timePCR结果显示,所得转化阳性株系SmMYC的mRNA水平均呈现不同程度的下降,同时酚酸类代谢途径中相关酶基因的表达也表现为相应程度的下调;福林酚法检测结果显示,转化株系中总酚酸含量均低于同期的野生型丹参。以上实验结果初步显示丹参SmMYC可能作为一个重要的转录因子参与酚酸类活性物质的代谢调控,同时为进一步研究SmMYC4丹参酚酸类化合物生物合成中的调控功能奠定了基础。     

丹参红叶病发生的微生态机制

通过对丹参红叶病株与健康株根区土养分含量及根区土和根表土中的微生物区系比较,探索丹参红叶病发生的微生态机制.结果表明:丹参红叶病株叶片中N、P、K、Mn含量均显著低于健康株(P＜0.05);根区土中速效P与健康株根区土无显著差异,速效N、K含量均显著高于健康株根区土(P＜0.05),表明丹参红叶病害发生与P缺乏有关,但植株缺磷不是由于土壤供磷不足所致.丹参红叶病株根区土细菌数量较健康株减少41.3％,真菌和放线菌数量分别较健康株增加156.6％和189.5％,差异均达显著水平(P＜0.05);丹参红叶病株根表土细菌、真菌和放线菌数量变化趋势与根区土—致.在丹参红叶病株根区、根表土壤中,6种优势真菌、4种优势放线菌及2种优势细菌可能为有害微生物.优势真菌为腐皮镰刀菌、露湿漆斑菌、三线镰刀菌、焦曲霉、尖孢镰刀菌及座囊菌;优势放线菌为砖红链霉菌、威威达湖伦茨氏菌、马铃薯疮痂病原链霉菌及山丘链霉菌;优势细菌为阿氏芽孢杆菌及水生细菌.这些优势微生物可能通过影响根系生长及根系对土壤养分吸收引起丹参出现缺磷现象.表明丹参红叶病的发生与丹参根区土和根表土中微生物区系异常密切相关.     

甘西鼠尾草化学成分研究

采用硅胶柱色谱、凝胶柱色谱及其他分离手段从甘西鼠尾草中分离得到12个化合物,根据化合物理化性质和波谱数据分别鉴定为:丹参酮ⅡA(1)、丹参酮Ⅰ(2)、丹参内酯(3)、隐丹参酮(4)、丹参酸甲酯(5)、间羟基苯甲醛(6)、迷迭香酚(7)、异迷迭香酚(8)、紫丹参甲素(9)、紫丹参乙素(10)、二氢丹参酮Ⅰ(11)、丹参新醌甲(12)。其中化合物7、8为首次从该植物中分离得到,化合物6为首次从该属植物分离得到。