显微手术在矢状窦镰旁脑膜瘤中的治疗效果分析

目的:研究显微手术在矢状窦镰旁脑膜瘤中的治疗效果。方法:选取2014年7月至2015年6月本院收治的150例矢状窦镰旁脑膜瘤患者,根据投硬币法分为观察组和对照组,每组75例。观察组采取显微手术进行治疗,对照组采用常规开颅手术方式进行治疗,比较两组患者的手术指标、手术切除率、临床疗效及并发症的发生率。结果:观察组的术中输血量、出血量均显著少于对照组(P0.05),两组患者手术时间、手术切除程度、改善率、致残率及死亡率比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组总的并发症发生率显著低于对照组(P0.05)。结论:经显微手术治疗矢状窦镰旁脑膜瘤患者术中输血量和出血量较少,手术效果良好,安全性高。     

Impact of coronal and sagittal views on lung gross tumor volume delineation

Background and purposeTo study the impact of coronal and sagittal views (CSV) on the gross tumor volume (GTV) delineation on CT and matched PET/CT scans in non-small cell lung cancer.Material and methodsGTV delineations were performed by 11 experienced radiation oncologists on CT and PET/CT in 22 patients. Two tumor groups were defined: Group I: Primary tumors surrounded by lung or visceral pleura, without venous invasion, and without large extensions to the chest wall or the mediastinum. Group II: Tumors invading the hilar region, heart, large vessels, pericardium, and the mediastinum and/or associated with atelectasis. Tumor volumes and inter-observers variations (SD) were calculated and compared according to the use of axial view only (AW), axial/coronal/sagittal views (ACSW) and ACSW/PET (ACSWP).ResultsCSV were not frequently used (57.4% out of 242 delineations on CT). For group I, ACSW didn’t improve significantly mean GTVs. SDs were small on CT and on PET (SD = 0.3 cm). For group II, ACSW had 27–46% smaller observer variation (mean SD = 0.7 cm) than AW (mean SD = 1.1 cm). The smaller observer variation of ACSW users was associated with, on average, a 40% smaller delineated volume (p = 0.038). Mean GTV of ACSWP was 21% larger than mean GTV of ACSW on CT.ConclusionsFor smaller lung tumors surrounded by healthy lung tissue the effect of multiple axis delineation is limited. However, application of coronal and sagittal windows is highly beneficial for delineation of more complex tumors, with atelectasis and/or pathological lymph nodes even if PET is used.     

Sagittal cresting in the South African australopithecines

The evidence for sagittal cresting, and more generally the position of the temporal lines is reviewed in the South African australopithecine sample. The position of the lines is dependent on both the allometric relation of the masticatory apparatus to cranial size and on individual variation. In the Swartkrans specimens, with generally bigger body size, the influence of allometry predominates, actually overshadowing the influence of individual variation. At Sterkfontein and Makapansgat with generally smaller body size and a resulting smaller allometric ratio, individual variation has a greater influence. Of the eleven adult South African specimens, the four largest are crested. The one smaller crested specimen comes from Sterkfontein. The crested Makapan specimen is intermediate in size. The pattern of australopithecine cresting is somewhat different from other hominoids, and is part of a total morphological pattern suggesting adaptation to a diet requiring powerful crushing during mastication.     

Predicting human walking gaits with a simple planar model

Models of human walking with moderate complexity have the potential to accurately capture both joint kinematics and whole body energetics, thereby offering more simultaneous information than very simple models and less computational cost than very complex models. This work examines four- and six-link planar biped models with knees and rigid circular feet. The two differ in that the six-link model includes ankle joints. Stable periodic walking gaits are generated for both models using a hybrid zero dynamics-based control approach. To establish a baseline of how well the models can approximate normal human walking, gaits were optimized to match experimental human walking data, ranging in speed from very slow to very fast. The six-link model well matched the experimental step length, speed, and mean absolute power, while the four-link model did not, indicating that ankle work is a critical element in human walking models of this type. Beyond simply matching human data, the six-link model can be used in an optimization framework to predict normal human walking using a torque-squared objective function. The model well predicted experimental step length, joint motions, and mean absolute power over the full range of speeds.     

胶州湾12种饵料鱼类耳石大小与体长的关系

根据2008年11月至2009年8月在胶州湾海域进行的逐月定点底拖网调查, 选择12种常见的饵料鱼类作为研究对象, 运用最小二乘法分析了每种饵料鱼类的体长与耳石形态大小(包括耳石的长度、宽度、长半径和短半径)的关系, 并建立回归方程, 旨在为深入研究高营养级鱼类的摄食生态和食物网营养动力学提供基础资料。研究表明, 12种饵料鱼类的体长与体重均呈显著的幂函数关系(P0.05), 回归系数b值在2.871-3.371, 平均值为3.1590.110 (95% CL), b值最小的鱼种是六丝钝尾虾虎鱼Amblychaeturichthys hexanema, 最大的是细条天竺鲷Apogon lineatus。经检验, Liza haematocheilus和箭鱼衔Callionymus sagitta的b值与3无显著差异(P0.05), 属等速生长; 李氏鱼衔Callionymus richardsonii和六丝钝尾虾虎鱼的b值显著小于3 (P0.05), 属负异速生长; 其余8种鱼类的b值均大于3 (P0.05), 为正异速生长。方差分析表明, 12种鱼类的体长与耳石各个形态参数的回归关系均极显著(P0.01)。在所有48个回归方程中, 有37个方程的决定系数R2值大于0.8, 拟合效果较好; 有9个回归方程的R2值在0.7-0.8; 其余2个回归方程的R2值小于0.7, 拟合效果略差。其中, 各方程拟合效果最好的是六丝钝尾虾虎鱼, 其R2值均接近于1。通过比较同种鱼类各个回归方程的R2值可知, 在这12种饵料鱼类中, 多数鱼种体长与耳石长度和宽度的拟合效果要略好于体长与耳石半径的拟合效果, 因此在实际应用中, 可以通过测量耳石的长度和宽度来推算饵料鱼类的体长等形态参数。另一方面, 由于多数鱼类的耳石比较脆, 尤其是耳石的两端更容易破损, 因此与耳石长度相比, 耳石宽度与体长的回归方程更加适合于实际应用。       

The Biomechanical Effects of Sagittal Split Ramus Osteotomy on Temporomandibular Joint

Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate the stress distributions and deformations of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) during different periods before and after sagittal split ramus osteotomy (SSRO). A three-dimensional finite element model of the mandible and TMJ was established, based on the preoperative CT of a patient with mandibular prognathism. Numerical SSRO was performed and the models of three postoperative periods were established. Contact elements were used to simulate the interaction between the articular discs and the articular cartilages. Nonlinear cable elements were used to simulate the disc attachments and the ligaments. Muscle forces and boundary conditions corresponding to the central occlusion were applied on all the models. The results showed that the stress distributions of the patient’s TMJs were not the same as those of asymptomatic subjects. The stress distributions and deformations of the disc, condylar and temporal cartilage were changed at different periods after SSRO. The biomechanical parameters of TMJ were improved after SSRO. And the postoperative results showed that appropriate functional training could help to avoid TMJ diseases. Therefore SSRO could improve the stress distributions of the TMJ and relieve the symptoms of temporomandibular disorder (TMD).     

Cranial Suture Morphology and its Relationship to Diet in Cebus

Cranial sutures are complex morphological structures. Four Cebus species (C. albifrons, C. apella, C. capucinus, C. olivaceus) are used here to test the hypothesis that sagittal suture complexity is enhanced in animals that eat materially challenging foods. These primates are ideal for such comparative studies because they are closely related and some are known to exhibit differences in the material properties of the foods they ingest and masticate. Specifically, Cebus apella is notable among members of this genus for ingesting food items of high toughness as well as consistently demonstrating a relatively robust cranial morphology. Consistent with previous studies, C. apella demonstrates significantly more robust mandibular and temporal fossa morphology. Also, C. apella possesses sagittal sutures that are more complex than congenerics. These data are used to support the hypothesis that cranial suture complexity is increased in response to consuming diets with more obdurate material properties. One interpretation of this hypothesis is that, compared to non-apelloids, total strain in the apelloid cranial suture connective tissue environment is elevated due to increased jaw muscle activity by increases in either force magnitudes or the number of chewing events. It is argued that greater masticatory function enhances the growth and modeling of cranial suture interdigitation. These data show that cranial suture complexity is one more hard tissue feature from the skull that might be used to inform hypotheses of dietary functional morphology.     

颈椎后路单开门椎管扩大椎板成形术对颈椎矢状面平衡的影响

目的:探讨颈椎后路单开门椎管扩大椎板成形术对颈椎矢状面平衡的影响。方法:收集2012年1月至2015年1月在我院接受治疗的85例脊髓型脊椎病患者,均行颈椎后路单开门椎管扩大椎板成形术。观察比较手术前后患者的日本骨科协会(JOA)评分、生活质量评分(SF-36)、颈椎功能障碍指数(NDI)以及疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)情况,手术前及末次随访时患者的X线侧位片C2椎体与颅底连线的夹角(Cobb)、C2椎体矢状面的垂直轴线与C7椎体上缘的长度(SVA)、T1椎体上缘线和水平线的夹角(T1-Slope)以及三者间的相关性。结果:患者术后JOA评分较术前显著升高,升高量为(2.6±0.2)分(P0.05),神经功能改善率为50.1%,术后SF-36、NDI及VAS评分均有显著改善(P0.05)。相较于手术前,患者末次随访时的C2-C7 SVA、C0-2 Cobb夹角以及T1-Slope均有显著升高,C2-C7 SVA升高量与C0-2 Cobb夹角、T1-Slope的升高量呈显著正相关性(r=0.475,P0.001;r=0.327,P=0.003)。手术前,患者的JOA评分与C2-C7 SVA呈一定负相关(r=-0.229,P=0.032),手术后两者间无明显相关性(P0.05)。结论:颈椎后路单开门椎管扩大椎板成形术显著影响颈椎矢状面平衡,以颈椎前倾为主要表现,而引起患者颈椎肌肉持续性收缩、上颈椎过度前凸。     

基于腰椎类型的腰椎间盘突出症患者脊柱-骨盆矢状面形态的X线测量研究

目的:基于腰椎曲线类型研究腰椎间盘突出(Lumbar disc herniation,LDH)病人脊柱骨盆矢状序列参数的特点。方法:回顾我院2009年1月年至2014年11月收治的相邻节段健康的LDH病人166例,与141例健康志愿者对照。按照腰椎类型分为4型,LDH按照严重程度分为腰4-5(A)组,腰5-骶1(B)组,腰4-5和腰5-骶1(C)组,三节段以上(D)组。应用图形分析软件进行参数测量,在站立位全长脊柱侧位X线片上测量参数包括:骨盆投射角(Pelvic incidence,PI)、骨盆倾斜角(Pelvic tilt,PT)和骶骨倾斜角(Sacral slope,SS),胸椎后凸角(Thoracic Kyphosis,TK)、腰椎前凸角(Lumbar lordosis,LL)、上半圆(UP arc)、下半圆(Low arc)、矢状面垂直轴(Sagittal vertical axis SVA),对上述指标统计分析。结果:LDH组与对照组相比PI、PT和TK增大,SVA向前移位,SS、LL和Up arc减低具有显著统计学差异。LDH组各参数Pearson相关性分析示PI~PT,PI~SS和SS~LL高度相关。LDH病例4组间参数单因素方差分析无统计学意义,SS、LL和TK随着突出节段的增加而减小;A组与对照组比较PI和PT差异显著。1型和2型与相对应的对照组比较,各参数差异显著。结论:相邻节段健康的LDH病人具有大的PI和PT,小的LL和SS,SVA向前倾斜,随着病变节段的增加LL,SS和TK减小;脊柱-骨盆协调平衡的能力受腰椎类型影响。     

中国鲚属鱼类的矢耳石形态特征

分析了205尾分布于中国的4种2龄鲚属鱼类的矢耳石形态特征。结果显示,这4种鱼类的矢耳石都具有翼叶和基叶,但无后基叶和副基叶,中央突也不明显。背侧有脊突,叶形晶状突呈小三角形,仅限于腹侧。主凹槽明显,直管状,后端封闭。4种鱼矢耳石长轴长为体长的1.68%~2.82%,矢耳石重为体重的0.26‰~1.71‰;不论绝对重量或面积,均以七丝鲚和凤鲚的最大,刀鲚的次之,短颌鲚的最小,显现出与在海水中生活的时间呈正相关性。刀鲚和短颌鲚的矢耳石较轻薄,单位面积均重1.22~1.40mg/mm2;七丝鲚和凤鲚的较厚重,单位面积均重约1.86mg/mm2。矢耳石的长轴、短轴和单位重量等的变异系数,均要小于其体长特别是体重的变异系数,矢耳石形态的稳定性显著优于其身体形态的稳定性。