鹅观草与大麦属间杂种的形态和细胞遗传学研究

用活体/离体幼胚培养法成功地获得了鹅观草(Roegneria kamooji,2n=12,SSHHYY)与大麦(Hordeum vulgare,2n=14,11)间的属间杂种。杂交结实率为31.4％,胚培成苗率60.9％。杂种表现一年生,具有很强的生活力,形态上偏向鹅观草。F_1自交不孕,用大麦回交亦不结实。杂种具有预期的2n=28(SHYI)条染色体,花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ平均形成26.38个单价体,0.67个棒状二价体,0.12个环状二价体和0.02个三价体。本文对双亲染色体组间的同源性以及在大麦育种中利用鹅观草种质的可能性进行了讨论。     

鹅观草属五个类群的核型与进化

报道了鹅观草属５个类群的核型,即长芒鹅观草,核型２ｎ＝４ｘ＝２８＝２２ｍ＋６ｓｍ（２ＳＡＴ）;短颖鹅观草,核型２ｎ＝４ｘ＝２８＝２０ｍ（２ＳＡＴ）＋８ｓｍ（２ＳＡＴ）;短柄鹅观草,核型２ｎ＝４ｘ＝２８＝２２ｍ（２ＳＡＴ）＋６ｓｍ;纤毛鹅观草,核型２ｎ＝４ｘ＝２８＝２０ｍ＋８ｓｍ（４ＳＡＴ）;毛盘鹅观草,核型２ｎ＝４ｘ＝２８＝１８ｍ＋６ｓｍ（４ＳＡＴ）＋４ｓｔ。同时,通过核型重要性状的递变分析,揭示了鹅观草属５个类群的相对进化程度以及宏观分类中４个组的系统发育关系,表明鹅观草属的半颖组在系统发育中可能既派生了颖体短小的小颖组,又派生了颖体长大的大颖组和长颖组。     

大鹅观草与蛇河披碱草属间杂种的细胞遗传学研究

为探讨大鹅观草(Roegneria grandis,2n=4x=28)的染色体组组成,为其正确的分类处理提供细胞学依据。该研究通过人工远缘杂交,成功获得3株大鹅观草与蛇河披碱草(Elymus wawawaiensis,2n=4x=28)属间杂种F1植株。杂种植株形态介于两亲本之间,不育。亲本及杂种经I2-IK溶液染色后进行花粉育性检测,结果显示Roegneria grandis和Elymus wawawaiensis的花粉可育,育性高达94.6%和90.5%;杂种F1不育。花粉母细胞减数分裂中期I染色体配对结果显示,亲本花粉母细胞配对正常,均形成14个二价体,以环状二价体为主,Roegneria grandis有频率很低(0.04/细胞)的单价体出现;杂种F1平均每个花粉母细胞形成6.46个二价体,变化范围为5~8;在观察的83个花粉母细胞中,有35.2%的花粉母细胞形成了7个二价体,形成6个二价体的细胞占42.59%,较少细胞形成8个二价体;平均每个细胞形成14.66个单价体,变化范围为10~18;平均每细胞观察到0.14个三价体;杂种花粉母细胞染色体构型为14.66 I+6.46 II+0.14 III;平均每细胞交叉数为9.83,C值为0.35。结果表明:(1)R.grandis与Elymus wawawaiensis有一组染色体组同源的St染色体组,另外一组染色体组不是St或者H染色体组,Roegneria grandis的染色体组组成不是St Stg;(2)较低频率的三价体(平均0.14个/细胞),可能是由于R.grandis的St和Y染色体组间具有一定的同源性,也可能是染色体易位等原因导致,对于Y染色体组的起源还需深入地研究;(3)在不同地理来源的披碱草属和鹅观草属物种中St染色体组同源性不同,R.grandis与来自于北美的Elymus lanceolatus与E.wawawaiensis的St染色体组较与分布于亚洲的E.sibiricus和E.caninus的St染色体组同源性反而更高,其原因还需要进一步地研究。     

鹅观草属三个物种及其居群间的醇溶蛋白分析

利用酸性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术(APAGE)对小麦族鹅观草属3个物种:毛叶鹅观草、纤毛鹅观草和竖立鹅观草进行了醇溶蛋白电泳分析,23份材料电泳分离出22条相对迁移率不同的谱带,其中3条(16.6%)共同带,19条(83.4%)具多态性,每个材料可分离出9～16条谱带。结果表明:(1)三个物种具有相似的醇溶蛋白带型,但存在明显的种间差异;(2)同种不同居群间也存在遗传差异;(3)种间差异大于种内差异。     

拟鹅观草属6种2亚种和鹅观草属3种植物的核型研究

对拟鹅观草属Pseudoroegneria 6种2亚种和鹅观草属Roegneria 3种植物的核型进行了研究,核型公式如下：P. spicata (Pursh) A. Lve,2n=2x=14=12m (2sat)+2sm; P. strigosa ssp. aegilopoides (Drobov) A. Lve,2n=2x=14=12m (2sat)+2sm; P. libanotica (Hackel) A. Lve,2n=2x=14=10m+4sm (4sat); P. stipifolia     

小麦族披碱草属、鹅观草属和猬草属模式种的C带研究

采用改良的Giemsa C带技术,分析了小麦族披碱草属、鹅观草属和猬草属模式种的染色体C带带型。Elymus sibiricus、Roegneria caucasica和Hysrix patula的染色体在Giemsa C带带型上存在明显的差异,显示了这3个属模式种的物种特异性。3个模式种的Giemsa C带核型表明,C带带纹主要分布在染色体的末端和着丝粒附近,而中间带相对较少。对E.sibiricus、R.caucasica和H.patula的St、H、Y染色体组C带带型与其它物种的St、H、Y染色体组C带带型的差异进行了讨论。     

小麦族四个属模式种的醇溶蛋白分析

利用酸性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳 (APAGE)对小麦族披碱草属、鹅观草属、猬草属和仲彬草属 4个属的模式种进行了醇溶蛋白电泳分析 ,结果表明 :(1 ) 4个模式种具有明显的醇溶蛋白遗传多样性 ,其种间醇溶蛋白多态性高达 92 .3 % ;(2 ) Elymus sibiricus和 H ystrix patula具有相似的醇溶蛋白带型 ,而 Roegneria caucasica和Kengyilia gobicola的带型基本相似 ,其醇溶蛋白图谱能够反映一定的系统关系 ;(3 )不同收集地的 E. sibiricus材料间也存在明显的醇溶蛋白遗传差异 ,新疆的 E. sibiricus具有较丰富的醇溶蛋白带纹 ,而甘肃的 E. sibiricus的醇溶蛋白带纹较少。     

利用RAPD分析披碱草属、鹅观草属和猬草属模式种的亲缘关系

利用随机扩增多态性DNA（RAPD）技术对小麦族披碱草属、鹅观草属和猬草属3个属的模式种进行了基因组DNA多态性分析。42个引物产物的290条谱带中,257条（88.62%)表现出多态性,说明披碱草属、鹅观草属和猬草属3个属的模式种间具有丰富的遗传多样性。利用290个RAPD标记,计算材料间Nei氏遗传相似性系和遗传距离,在NTSYS程序中利用UPGMA进行聚类。结果表明,Elymus sibiricus种不同居群间的遗传差异较小,遗传距离在0.097-0.180之间。E.sibiricus,Roegneria caucasica和Hystrix patula的种间遗传差异明显,遗传距离在0.458-0.605之间。H.patula与E.sibiricus的亲缘关系较近。R.caucasica与E.sibiricus的亲缘关系较远。     

Molecular cytogenetic characterization of Roegneria ciliaris chromosome additions in common wheat

The development of alien addition lines is important both for transferring useful genes from related species into common wheat and for studying the relationship between alien chromosomes and those of wheat. Roegneria ciliaris (2n=4x=28, S^cS^cY^cY^c) is reported to be a potential source of resistance to wheat scab, which may be useful in wheat improvement. The amphiploid common wheat-R. ciliaris and BC₁F₇ or BC₂F₆ derivatives were screened by C-banding, genomic in situ hybridization (GISH), fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) for the presence of R. ciliaris chromatin introgressed into wheat. Six lines were identified as disomic chromosome additions (DA), one as a ditelosomic addition (Dt), two as double disomic additions (dDA) and one as a monosomic chromosome addition (MA). RFLP analysis using wheat homoeologous group-specific clones indicated that the R. ciliaris chromosomes involved in these lines belong to groups 1, 2, 3, 5 and 7. The genomic affinities of the added R. ciliaris chromosomes were determined by FISH analysis using the repetitive sequence pCbTaq4.14 as a probe. These data suggest that the R. ciliaris chromosomes in five lines belong to the S^c genome. Based on the molecular cytogenetic data, the lines are designated as DA2S^c#1, Dt2S^c#1L, DA3S^c#1, dDA1S^c#2+5Y^c#1, DA5Y^c#1, DA7S^c#1, DA7Y^c#1 and MA?Y^c#1. Based on the present and previous work, 8 of the 14 chromosomes of R. ciliaris have been transferred into wheat.     

RAPD Study on Inter species Relationships in Roegneria (Poaceae: Triticeae)

To assess the relationships among 26 species in Roegneria C. Koch, 34 random decamer primers were screened for RAPD fragments. 28 primers produced polymorphic RAPD products. Data from 16 primers were used for RAPD assay. By NTSYS-pc program, Jaccard' s genetic similarity coefficients were generated and dendrogram was constructed using UPGMA. It is concluded as follows: (1) Distinct genetic differences and extensive genetic diversity were present among the species. (2) There were some genetic differences between StY and StYH genomes, and StY and StYH had a certain degree of differentiations respectively which were related to geographic regions, the farther the geographic distribution between species, the less the similarity to each other. (3) When different accessions in a species, such as species with similar morphological characters, homologous genomes and similar geographic distribution, were clustered together respectively, it suggusted that they had closer relationships. (4) The awnless species R. alashanica Keng and R. magnicaespes (D. F. Cui) L. B. Cai, in Roegneria, were separated from the other species analysed in this study, indicating that these two species had intensive genetic differences from the others. (5) R. caucasica C. Koch, a species from Western Asia, was quite different from the other species contained StY genomes in Roegneria from Eastern Asia and Central Asia. (6) The results were in consistance with that of the analysis of morphology and chromosome pairing in the taxonomic treatments for R. ciliaris (Trin) Nevski and R. japonensis (Honda) Keng, R. tenuispica J. L. Yang et Y. H. Zhou and R. pendulina Nevski, and R. tsukushiensis (Honda) Ohwi and R. kamoji Ohwi. The present study discussed the usefulness of RAPD markers in the systematic study of Roegneria.