Stearidonic acid (18:4ω3) in Primula florindae

Stearidonic acid (18:4ω3), which is reported to be of rare occurrence in the plant kingdom and which is of considerable dietary and pharmaceutical interest has been found in three closely related Primula species. It occurs, together with γ-linolenic acid (3–4% of the seed oil total fatty acids), in significant percentages in Primula florindae (11%), P. sikkimensis (14%) and P. alpicola (14%). 18:4(ω3 may also be of chemotaxonomic interest in the genus Primula, as high levels may be typical for section Sikkimensis. The only commercial plant source of stearidonic acid known so far is the seed oil of Ribes nigrum.     

球针壳属一新种和一新组合

本文报道了球针壳属(Phyllactinia)的一个新种和一个新组合,即寄生于杜鹃花科(Ericaceae)吊钟花属(ENkianthus)灯笼花(E.chinensis Franch)上的灯笼花球针壳(Phyllactiniaenkianthi z.y. zhao sp. nov.)和寄生于茶藨子科(Grossulariaceae)茶藨子(Ribes sp.)上的茶藨子球针壳(Phyllactinia ribesii(Jacz.)z. y. zhao comb. nov.)。上述新分类单位均有汉文和拉丁文描述,新分类单位与近似种有汉文讨论。     

中国茶藨子属(虎耳草科)新植物

<正> 灌木,高约2米。小枝微弯曲,黑褐色,无毛。冬芽长卵圆形。叶片呈不等的五角形,长7—13匣米,宽8—16厘米,先端长渐尖,基部深心形,边缘有不等重锯齿,上面深绿色,散生硬毛,下面淡绿色,沿脉被短柔毛,主脉和侧脉均突起;叶柄长5—9.5厘米,近无毛。总状花序,下垂,花梗长3—4毫米,和总花梗均被短柔毛,常混生星状毛。果实长圆形,红色,直径约6毫米;萼片宿存,反折,近无毛。     

Linking ascorbic acid production in Ribes nigrum with fruit development and changes in sources and sinks

Background and Aims

Understanding the synthesis of ascorbic acid (l-AsA) in green tissues in model species has advanced considerably; here we focus on its production and accumulation in fruit. In particular, our aim is to understand the links between organs which may be sources of l-AsA (leaves) and those which accumulate it (fruits). The work presented here tests the idea that changes in leaf and fruit number influence the accumulation of l-AsA. The aim was to understand the importance of leaf tissue in the production of l-AsA and to determine how this might provide routes for the manipulation of fruit tissue l-AsA.

Methods

The experiments used Ribes nigrum (blackcurrant), predominantly in field experiments, where the source–sink relationship was manipulated to alter potential leaf l-AsA production and fruit growth and accumulation of l-AsA. These manipulations included reductions in reproductive capacity, by raceme removal, and the availability of assimilates by leaf removal and branch phloem girdling. Natural variation in fruit growth and fruit abscission is also described as this influences subsequent experimental design and the interpretation of l-AsA data.

Key Results

Results show that fruit l-AsA concentration is conserved but total yield of l-AsA per plant is dependent on a number of innate factors many of which relate to raceme attributes. Leaf removal and phloem girdling reduced fruit weight, and a combination of both reduced fruit yields further. It appears that around 50 % of assimilates utilized for fruit growth came from apical leaves, while between 20 and 30 % came from raceme leaves, with the remainder from ‘storage’.

Conclusions

Despite being able to manipulate leaf area and therefore assimilate availability and stored carbohydrates, along with fruit yields, rarely were effects on fruit l-AsA concentration seen, indicating fruit l-AsA production in Ribes was not directly coupled to assimilate supply. There was no supporting evidence that l-AsA production occurred predominantly in green leaf tissue followed by its transfer to developing fruits. It is concluded that l-AsA production occurs predominantly in the fruit of Ribes nigrum.     

山东茶藨子属1新记录植物——美丽茶藨子

报道了山东茶藨子属1新记录植物——美丽茶藨子。研究了其形态、叶表皮微形态和花结构等特征,探讨了其区系地理学意义。结果表明,美丽茶藨子在山东邹城凤凰山的分布,应该是其现在自然分布区的最东南边界。     

遮荫对黑茶藨子叶片形态结构和光合特性的影响

以黑茶藨子为试验材料,通过人工遮荫的方式,研究了不同遮荫强度（全光照、20%和60%遮荫）和遮荫时间（初期、中期和后期）对黑茶藨子叶片形态解剖结构和光合特性的影响。结果表明：（1）20%、60%遮荫处理的叶片厚度均显著低于全光照处理,上下表皮厚度则高于全光照处理;随着遮荫强度的加大,栅栏组织与海绵组织厚度比值大小均呈减少趋势,随着遮荫时间的延长,呈增加趋势。（2）遮荫初期和中期,20%遮荫处理的叶片净光合速率（P_n）比全光照和60%遮荫处理的值略高,但差异并不显著（P>0.05）,其蒸腾速率（T_r）、水分利用效率（WUE）也略有增加;但是,60%遮荫处理的叶片净光合速率（P_n）显著低于全光照处理（P<0.05）。遮荫后期,60%遮荫处理的叶片净光合速率（P_n）显著高于全光照处理,且水分利用效率（WUE）、气孔导度（G_s）、蒸腾速率（T_r）均显著高于全光照和20%遮荫处理。综上所述,遮荫处理导致叶片厚度减少,海绵组织比例增加,有利于减少透射光中的光量子丧失,提高光能利用效率;生长早期和中期作20%轻度遮荫处理,后期作60%中度遮荫处理能提高植株对光和水分的利用效率、维持较高的光合速率、延缓衰老。     

Species identification of Cecidophyopsis mites (Acari: Eriophyidae) from different Ribes species and countries using molecular genetics

Cecidophyopsis mites were studied by PCR amplification of parts of their ribosomal DNA, followed by restriction enzyme analysis. Mite specimens on Ribes nigrum (black currant) from six countries gave the same digestion pattern, which was distinct from the pattern for mites found on R. rubrum from Poland and Finland and for R. grossularia from the USA. This suggests that each Ribes species is host to a different mite species: C. ribis, C. selachodon and C. grossulariae, respectively. Two other mite samples from R. alpinum and R. aureum were identical but were distinct from each of the other species.     

中国茶藨子属的研究

通过对国产茶藨子属的形态、分类和地理分布的研究,笔者支持把该属置于虎耳草科的观点,不赞成把它分离作为独立的科。另外,认为Rehder系统中所划分的4个亚属较合理,故予以采纳,但笔者对其中的亚属、组和系的划分、各分类类目的内容、系统排列的顺序等诸方面都作了较大修订。从系统发育的观点出发,对亚属的排列次序则和Rehder系统有很大不同,而对组和系的范围及其系统位置也作了较大改动。中国茶藨子属植物初步确定为59种30变种,隶属于4亚属10组15系(包括5新系)。依据对茶藨子属分布区的分析,首次提出了东亚区是茶藨子属植物的现代分布中心,在东亚区中,中国-喜马拉雅森林植物亚区中的横断山脉地区和中国-日本森林植物亚区的西部是茶藨子属发生和发展的关键地区。