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A chemiosmotic molecular mechanism for proton-translocating adenosine triphosphatases 总被引:16,自引:0,他引:16
P Mitchell 《FEBS letters》1974,43(2):189-194
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关于Taylor幂法则的统计学讨论 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
自Greenwood于1920年把负二项分布引做昆虫种群空间格局模型以来,昆虫种群空间格局分析的理论和方法大致经历了两个阶段的发展:五、六十年代以前,是以少数离散型概率分布为主要模型;其后,各种聚集性指标和一些回归公式被提出,显示了比原有 相似文献
7.
Per Wretenberg Ulf P. Arborelius 《European journal of applied physiology and occupational physiology》1994,68(5):413-417
The aim of this study was to determine the power output and work done by different muscle groups at the hip and knee joints during a rising movement, to be able to tell the degree of activation of the muscle groups and the relationship between concentric and eccentric work. Nine healthy male subjects rose from a chair with the seat at knee level. The moments of force about the hip and knee joints were calculated semidynamically. The power output (P) and work in the different muscle groups surrounding the joints was calculated as moment of force times joint angular velocity. Work was calculated as: work = f Pdt. The mean peak concentric power output was for the hip extensors 49.9 W, hip flexors 7.9 W and knee extensor 89.5 W. This power output corresponded to a net concentric work of 20.7 J, 1.0 J and 55.6 J, respectively. There was no concentric power output from the knee flexor muscles. Energy absorption through eccentric muscle action was produced by the hip extensors and hip flexors with a mean peak power output of 4.8 W and 7.4 W, respectively. It was concluded that during rising, the hip and knee muscles mainly worked concentrically and that the greatest power output and work were produced during concentric contraction of the knee and hip extensor muscles. There was however also a demand for eccentric work by the hip extensors as well as both concentric and eccentric work by the hip flexors. The knee flexor muscles were unloaded. 相似文献
8.
Sylvie Nadeau Martin Bilodeau Alain Delisle Witold Chmielewski A.Bertrand Arsenault Denis Gravel 《Journal of electromyography and kinesiology》1993,3(4):205-213
Different behaviours of the EMG power spectrum across increasing force levels have been reported for the masseter muscle. A factor that could explain these different behaviours may be the type of contraction used, as was recently shown for certain upper limb muscles5. The purpose of this study was to compare, between two types of isometric contractions, the behaviour of EMG power spectrum statistics (median frequency (MF) and mean power frequency (MPF)) obtained across increasing force levels. Ten women exerted, while biting in the intercuspal position, three 5 s ramp contractions that increased linearly from 0 to 100% of the maximal voluntary contraction (MVC). They also completed three step contractions (constant EMG amplitude) at each of the following levels: 20, 40, 60 and 80% MVC. EMG signals from the masseter muscle were recorded with miniature surface electrodes. The RMS, as well as the MPF and MF of the power spectrum were calculated at 20, 40, 60 and 80% MVC for each type of contraction. As expected, the RMS values showed similar increases with increasing levels of effort for both types of contractions. Different behaviours for both MPF (contraction*force interaction, ANOVA, P<0.05) and MF (contraction*force interaction, ANOVA, P>0.05) across increasing levels of effort were found between the two types of contraction. The use of step contractions gave rise to a decrease of both MPF and MF with increasing force, while the use of ramp contractions gave rise to an increase in both statistics up to at least 40% MVC followed by a decrease at higher force levels. These findings suggest that the type of contraction used does influence the behaviour of the spectral statistics across increasing force levels and that this could explain the differences obtained in previous studies for the masseter muscle. 相似文献
9.
Secondary metabolic-energy-generating systems generate a proton motive force (pmf) or a sodium ion motive force (smf) by a
process that involves the action of secondary transporters. The (electro)chemical gradient of the solute(s) is converted into
the electrochemical gradient of protons or sodium ions. The most straightforward systems are the excretion systems by which
a metabolic end product is excreted out of the cell in symport with protons or sodium ions (energy recycling). Similarly,
solutes that were accumulated and stored in the cell under conditions of abundant energy supply may be excreted again in symport
with protons when conditions become worse (energy storage). In fermentative bacteria, a proton motive force is generated by
fermentation of weak acids, such as malate and citrate. The two components of the pmf, the membrane potential and the pH gradient,
are generated in separate steps. The weak acid is taken up by a secondary transporter either in exchange with a fermentation
product (precursor/product exchange) or by a uniporter mechanism. In both cases, net negative charge is translocated into
the cell, thereby generating a membrane potential. Decarboxylation reactions in the metabolic breakdown of the weak acid consume
cytoplasmic protons, thereby generating a pH gradient across the membrane. In this review, several examples of these different
types of secondary metabolic energy generation will be discussed. 相似文献
10.
L.M. Chailakhyan A.N. Glagolev T.N. Glagoleva G.V. Murvanidze T.V. Potapova V.P. Skulachev 《BBA》1982,679(1):60-67
An attempt at demonstrating lateral power transmission over millimeter distances along a coupling membrane has been undertaken. Trichomes of the multicellular filamentous cyanobacteria Phormidium uncinatum were illuminated with a very narrow light beam forming a light spot that covered only 4–5% of a 1–2 mm long cyanobacterial trichome. Such illumination was found to support motility (gliding along agar surface) of the trichome under conditions when the light was the only energy source. It was also shown that illumination with the light spot caused rotation of rings of slime (accompanying the operation of the ‘motors’ responsible for the motility of cyanobacteria) not only in the illuminated, but also in the distal, nonilluminated part of the trichome. Electric potential transmission along trichomes was revealed by means of the extracellular electrode technique. The light spot was found to induce generation of an electric potential difference between two electrodes in the dark region of the trichomes, which were placed at different distances from the illuminated end. Cutting the trichomes between the light spot and the closest ‘dark’ electrode abolished this effect. Valinomycin + K+ and carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone affected the potential difference formation between two ‘dark’ electrodes much stronger than that between a light and a dark electrode. All the light spot-induced effects develop in the seconds time scale. Both the amplitudes and the kinetics of the potential difference measured with four electrodes placed along the trichome prove to be in good agreement with the theoretical curves computed on the basis of the electric cable equation. It is concluded that transcellular power transmission in the form of Δψ takes place along trichomes of cyanobacteria. This confirms the hypothesis about the biological function of Δψ as a transportable form of energy. 相似文献