石菖蒲中一新倍半萜

石菖蒲（Acorus gramineus Soland）的精油经GC/MS/DS检测,硅胶加压柱层分离,得到一新的倍半萜,其在精油中的含量达60.30％,通过波谱方法确定了结构,并命名为石菖蒲酮（gramenone）。     

石菖蒲提取物及混配剂对水稻褐飞虱的控制研究

为了确定石菖蒲(Acorus gramineus Soland)提取物对褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens St1的活性及使用浓度,研究了石菖蒲提取物对褐飞虱的触杀毒力,30%石菖蒲乳油及30%石菖蒲扑虱灵混配乳油对褐飞虱的室内盆栽试验及大田试验防治效果。结果表明,石菖蒲提取物对褐飞虱3龄若虫及长翅型雌成虫处理48h后的LD50分别为0.64和0.95μg/头。室内盆栽试验表明:30%石菖蒲乳油30倍、30%石菖蒲扑虱灵混配乳油50倍施药3d后对褐飞虱3龄若虫的校正死亡率分别为85.56%和96.67%。30%石菖蒲乳油20倍、30%石菖蒲扑虱灵混配乳油300倍,施药7d后,对褐飞虱的田间防治效果分别为78.46%和79.76%。     

石菖蒲提取物对四种储粮害虫的生物活性研究

研究了石菖蒲4种溶剂无水乙醇、丙酮、乙酸乙酯、石油醚提取物对玉米象、谷蠹、长角扁谷盗和锯谷盗4种储粮害虫的驱避作用和触杀作用。结果表明：石菖蒲4种溶剂提取物对4种试虫均有明显的驱避作用和触杀作用,处理60 h的平均驱避等级均达到Ⅲ级以上,对4种试虫的触杀死亡率均达到41.11%以上。     

植物内生真菌杀螺活性菌株筛选

分别从醉鱼草和水菖蒲中分离出99、103株内生真菌,按照WHO杀螺剂浸泡试验法观察不同内生真菌以及不同浓度发酵液杀螺效果.用河虾急性毒性试验评价其对非靶水生生物毒性.结果表明LL3026、S38、S21菌株发酵液有较高的杀螺活性,发酵液浓度为10%时,钉螺死亡率为100.0%;对河虾急性毒性较小.     

野生石菖蒲、水杨梅的调查引种及驯化栽培研究

调查了野生石菖蒲、水杨梅的生态环境和生物学特性,引种石菖蒲进行不同季节的分株繁殖试验及栽培试验,引种水杨梅进行扦插繁殖试验,基本掌握了石菖蒲、水杨梅的生物学特性和快繁技术。     

石菖蒲根茎甲醇提取物对谷蠹的生物活性

采用冷浸法和溶剂萃取法,研究石菖蒲(Acorus gramineus Soland)根茎甲醇提取物对谷蠹Rhizopertha dominica(Fabricius)成虫的生物活性。结果表明,石菖蒲甲醇提取物以石油醚萃取物的生物活性最强,水层次之。石油醚萃取物对谷蠹具有较高的触杀、熏蒸、种群抑制活性和防治效果,并具有一定的驱避活性。药膜法触杀处理72h后对谷蠹的LC50和LC95分别为8.30μg/cm2,51.75μg/cm2。药纸熏蒸法6.25μL/L处理120h后对谷蠹的校正死亡率为94.25%。饲料拌药法250mg/kg处理对谷蠹的防效与5mg/kg马拉硫磷效果相当,且对F1代的种群抑制效果显著高于5mg/kg马拉硫磷处理。     

β-细辛醚对谷蠹成虫体内四种酶活性的影响

采用石菖蒲Acorus gramineus根茎提取物β-细辛醚对谷蠹Rhizopertha dominica成虫进行拌粮处理,测定β-细辛醚对谷蠹体内乙酰胆碱酯酶、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶、羧酸酯酶和酯酶同工酶的时间效应和剂量效应。结果表明：β-细辛醚对试虫体内4种酶的酶活性均表现出较强的时间效应。LC₅₀（94.49 mg/kg）剂量的β-细辛醚处理后,谷蠹成虫体内乙酰胆碱酯酶和谷胱甘肽S-转移酶活性随处理时间的延长整体表现为抑制作用,对羧酸酯酶和酯酶同工酶则表现诱导增加作用。低剂量（67.5 mg/kg）β-细辛醚对乙酰胆碱酯酶具有显著的诱导作用,但是随着处理剂量的升高,对乙酰胆碱酯酶的活力多数表现为抑制作用。低剂量（≤100.0 mg/kg）β-细辛醚对谷胱甘肽S 转移酶具有诱导作用,而高剂量（≥133.3 mg/kg）β-细辛醚对谷胱甘肽S-转移酶具有抑制作用。β-细辛醚对羧酸酯酶的活性多数表现为诱导作用,提高β-细辛醚的处理剂量可提高羧酸酯酶的活力。不同剂量的β-细辛醚处理对谷蠹酯酶同工酶均具有显著的诱导作用,但诱导效果与处理剂量关系并不显著。     

Studies on the Utilization of Hydrocarbons by Microorganisms

Fumaric acid productivity of Candida hydrocarbofumarica in various culture conditions was investigated. Namely, the effects of pH, heavy metal ions, hydrocarbon concentration, aeration and surface active agents were studied.

The addition of CaCO₃ and the aeration were effective for fumaric acid production.

The rate of conversion of n-paraffin to fumaric acid gradually decreased as the concentration of n-paraffins (6%) was increased.

A very high yield, 84% was obtained with a culture medium containing 6% of n-paraffins for 7 days culture.     

Contact and fumigant toxicities of calamusenone isolated from Acorus gramineus rhizome against adults of Sitophilus zeamais and Rhizopertha dominica

Abstract Calamusenone [3,8‐dimethyl‐5‐(1‐methylethylidene)‐1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8‐octahydroazulene‐6‐one, C₁₅H₂₂O] from Acorus gramineus Soland rhizome was tested in the laboratory for its insecticidal activities against adults of Sitophilus zeamais Motsch. and Rhizopertha dominica (Fab.), using dry film contact and fumigation methods. Responses varied with insect species, dosage and exposure time. In the dry film contact experiment, the highest insecticidal effects of calamusenone against S. zeamais and R. dominica adults were produced at 170.32 μg/cm² after treatment for 72 h, with 96.2% and 98.7% mortalities, respectively. The median lethal concentration (LC₅₀) (72 h) values of calamusenone against S. zeamais and R. dominica adults were 67.00 μg/cm² and 77.30 μg/cm², respectively. As a potential fumigant, calamusenone showed moderate insecticidal effect on the adults of S. zeamais and R. dominica in fumigation experiment, with their LC₅₀ (120 h) values of 125.71 μL/L and 93.64 μL/L respectively. Calamusenone isolated from A. gramineus rhizome showed promise as a novel pesticide candidate for stored‐product pest control.     

GRASSLAND BIRDS NESTING IN HAYLANDS OF SOUTHERN SASKATCHEWAN: LANDSCAPE INFLUENCES AND CONSERVATION PRIORITIES

Abstract: To determine the benefits to grassland birds of converting cropland to hayland in southern Saskatchewan, Canada, we quantified the relative nest abundance and success of grassland nesting birds in haylands and the influence landscape variables have on these parameters. We found nests of 26 species of grassland nesting birds, primarily waterfowl and vesper sparrow (Pooecetes gramineus). With the exception of the northern pintail (Anas acuta), few nesting attempts were recorded for species of high priority in the Prairie Pothole Bird Conservation Region. Mayfield nest success for all waterfowl (20 and 13% in 1999 and 2000, respectively) was high relative to previously reported nest success estimates in other habitat types—especially spring-seeded cropland—and was near levels thought to be required to sustain populations (15–20%). Vesper sparrow nest success (39 and 33% in 1999 and 2000, respectively) also was high relative to that reported in other studies. Haying destroyed few nests as wet weather delayed operations in 1999 and 2000. More nests may be destroyed by haying in other years as approximately 25% of nests in this study were still active on the long-term average haying date for southern Saskatchewan. Among models we developed to explain waterfowl relative nest abundance, amount of cropland in the surrounding landscape and field area were the most informative. Evidence that a specific set of landscape variables was important to models of waterfowl nest success was equivocal. Landscape variables did not explain variation in vesper sparrow relative nest abundance or nest success. Within our study area, conversion of cropland to hayland appears to provide significant benefits to a variety of grassland species, including some species of high conservation priority (e.g., northern pintail). Grassland species of conservation concern nested less frequently in hayland than in native grassland.