纳米金-聚乙烯亚胺基因载体的制备

目的:基因方法治疗癌症近年来取得了很大的突破,因此基因载体的构建显得尤为重要.其中纳米基因载体合成简单,成本低廉,并能够包裹、浓缩、保护核苷酸使其免受核酸酶降解,因此纳米材料广泛地应用于基因输送.我们拟开展聚乙烯亚胺-纳米金基因载体的制备及其表征.方法:采用层层包裹技术制备基因载体,首先通过柠檬酸钠还原法制备纳米金颗粒后,应用11-巯基十一烷酸对金颗粒进行修饰,使其表面带有羧基,然后进一步将带有氨基的低分子量聚乙烯亚胺与羧基进行连接.应用动态光散射(DLS),紫外可见光谱(UV)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)对构建的纳米基因载体进行表征.结果:成功制备了聚乙烯亚胺-纳米金基因载体,检测表明每一步制备出的产物纳米尺寸在20-30nm之间,液体均匀稳定,分散系数(PDI)在0.2以下,Zeta电位测定表明,每步的产物电荷变化与外层包裹的反应物有关.尽管金颗粒外层包裹聚乙烯亚胺,但是总体上纳米载体尺寸没有发生太大的变化,TEM检测表明每一步形成了均匀的、单分散的、球状的纳米颗粒.结论:我们通过层层包裹技术成功制备了聚乙烯亚胺-纳米金基因载体,在进一步开展的生物活性的检测中,希望通过纳米载体的携带作用,将基因转染进靶细胞,从而检测相关基因对靶细胞的沉默作用,提高基因药物的应用,为开发新型基因药物提供基础.     

Polyethyleneimine-coating enhances adenoviral transduction of mesenchymal stem cells

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are non-hematopoietic cells with multi-lineage potential, which makes them attractive targets for regenerative medicine applications. Efficient gene transfer into MSCs is essential for basic research in developmental biology and for therapeutic applications involving gene-modification in regenerative medicine. Adenovirus vectors (Advs) can efficiently and transiently introduce an exogenous gene into many cell types via their primary receptors, the coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptors (CARs), but not into MSCs, which lack CAR expression. To overcome this problem, an Adv coated with cationic polymer polyethyleneimine (PEI) was developed. In this study, we demonstrated that PEI coating with an optimal ratio can enhance adenoviral transduction of MSCs without cytotoxicity. We also investigated the physicochemical properties and internalization mechanisms of the PEI-coated Adv. These results could help to evaluate the potentiality of the PEI-coated Adv as a prototype vector for efficient and safe transduction into MSCs.     

新型聚乙烯亚胺衍生物在Hep G2 细胞中转染和毒性的研究

目的:研究以对苯二甲醛( Terephthalaldehyde)为连接剂的聚乙烯亚胺(Polyethyleneimine,PEI)衍生物PEI-Tp对肝癌细胞Hep G2的转染活性和细胞毒性的影响.方法:以荧光素酶质粒作为报告基因,研究高分子和DNA的复合物在Hep G2细胞中的转染活性,用MTT的方法研究高分子对Hep G2细胞的毒性.结果:Hep G2细胞转染结果显示构建的聚乙烯亚胺衍生物PEI-Tp具有高效输送质粒的能力;细胞毒性结果显示PEI-Tp随着浓度的增加,其毒性显著低于PEI25 kDa.结论:Hep G2细胞实验数据显示PEI-Tp是一种高效、低毒,在基因治疗领域有相当前景的非病毒载体.     

Immobilized cells biocatalyst for the production of S-acetylthio-2-methyl propionic acid

S-acetylthio-2-methylpropionic acid (S-AMPA) is an important chiral intermediary for numerous hypertension drugs such as captopril. S-AMPA can be produced by hydrolyzing the corresponding racemic methyl MAMP (S,R-methyl-β-acetylthioisobutyrate) by lipases or esterases that have the appropriate stereo specificity. Psudomonas fluorescens IFO 12055 possessing a highly specific lipase was used to process this reaction in the form of immobilized cells. Reaction kinetic and immobilization methods were also studied. Strong product inhibition was observed, that is, at 3% S-AMPA (namely 183 mM), activity was reduced by 50%. Spontaneous hydrolysis of the ester and thioester bonds was also observed, and was independent of the cells. Thus, reaction selectivity and yield must be optimized through adjusting the substrate concentration and total biocatalyst activity. Conventional calcium alginate (3% w/w) encapsulation was modified by adding 3% w/w polyethyleneimine (PEI) and cross-linked by a biologically derived agent, genipin (5.6 mM). This method was found to be satisfactory to produce stable and functioning biocatalyst and can maintain high reactivity for repeated 25 batches with e.e. values above 90%.     

Improving the activity and stability of Yarrowia lipolytica lipase Lip2 by immobilization on polyethyleneimine-coated polyurethane foam

In this study, polyurethane foam (PUF) was used for immobilization of Yarrowia lipolytica lipase Lip2 via polyethyleneimine (PEI) coating and glutaraldehyde (GA) coupling. The activity of immobilized lipases was found to depend upon the size of the PEI polymers and the way of GA treatment, with best results obtained for covalent-bind enzyme on glutaraldehyde activated PEI-PUF (MW 70,000 Da), which was 1.7 time greater activity compared to the same enzyme immobilized without PEI and GA. Kinetic analysis shows the hydrolytic activity of both free and immobilized lipases on triolein substrate can be described by Michaelis–Menten model. The K_m for the immobilized and free lipases on PEI-coated PUF was 58.9 and 9.73 mM, respectively. The V_max values of free and immobilized enzymes on PEI-coated PUF were calculated as 102 and 48.6 U/mg enzyme, respectively. Thermal stability for the immobilization preparations was enhanced compared with that for free preparations. At 50 °C, the free enzyme lost most of its initial activity after a 30 min of heat treatment, while the immobilized enzymes showed significant resistance to thermal inactivation (retaining about 70% of its initial activity). Finally, the immobilized lipase was used for the production of lauryl laurate in hexane medium. Lipase immobilization on the PEI support exhibited a significantly improved operational stability in esterification system. After re-use in 30 successive batches, a high ester yield (88%) was maintained. These results indicate that PEI, a polymeric bed, could not only bridge support and immobilized enzymes but also create a favorable micro-environment for lipase. This study provides a simple, efficient protocol for the immobilization of Y. lipolytica lipase Lip2 using PUF as a cheap and effective material.     

新型聚乙烯亚胺衍生物在COS-7 细胞中转染和毒性的研究

目的:研究以乙二醛为连接剂的聚乙烯亚胺(Polyethyleneimine,PEI)衍生物Polyimine-PEI对非洲绿猴肾癌细胞COS-7的转染活性和细胞毒性的影响。方法:以荧光素酶质粒为报告基因,研究高分子与DNA的复合物在COS-7细胞的转染活性,用MTT方法研究高分子对COS-7细胞的毒性。结果:COS-7细胞实验显示,Polyimine-PEI具有很低细胞毒性,其毒性显著低于PEI25kDa,同时也具有高效输送质粒的能力。结论:Polyimine-PEI是一种新型的高效,低毒在基因治疗领域有相当前景的非病毒载体。     

新型聚乙烯亚胺衍生物在COS-7细胞中转染和毒性的研究

目的：研究以乙二醛为连接剂的聚乙烯亚胺（Polyethyleneimine,PEI）衍生物Polyimine-PEI对非洲绿猴肾癌细胞COS-7的转染活性和细胞毒性的影响。方法：以荧光素酶质粒为报告基因,研究高分子与DNA的复合物在COS-7细胞的转染活性,用MTT方法研究高分子对COS-7细胞的毒性。结果：COS-7细胞实验显示,Polyimine-PEI具有很低细胞毒性,其毒性显著低于PEI25kDa,同时也具有高效输送质粒的能力。结论：Polyimine-PEI是一种新型的高效,低毒在基因治疗领域有相当前景的非病毒载体。     

Polyethyleneimine-induced flocculation and flotation of cyanobacterium Anabaena flos-aquae for gas vesicle production

Gas vesicles are hollow, proteinaceous structures found in some strains of cyanobacteria. They have been used to increase the oxygen supply and improve the cultivation of shear-sensitive mammalian cells. However, the production and, especially, collection of cells and gas vesicles were laborious and ineffective. In this study we examined the use of the cationic polymer, polyethyleneimine (PEI), for improving the cell harvesting by flocculation and flotation. PEI was examined to determine the appropriate molecular weight, pH range, and dosage. The dose of 20–30 mg/l of PEI with molecular weight of 25,000 in the pH range of 6.0–8.5 was found to provide effective and efficient cell flocculation and flotation. As the PEI dose increased, the rate of flotation increased but the clearance (collection) efficacy declined slightly. The culture samples used in this study were taken from light-limiting continuous culture systems at different dilution rates (0.05–0.24 h⁻¹). Without PEI addition, the cells at dilution rates lower than 0.1 h did not float while those at higher dilution rates would float slowly. With PEI addition, the flocculated cells at the dilution rate of 0.05 h⁻¹ sank and those of higher dilution rates would float and the flotation rate increased with increasing specific growth rate. Nonetheless, PEI flocculation and flotation (or sedimentation) could be used to harvest cells at a wide range of growth states.     

Immobilization of 293 cells using porous support particles for adenovirus vector production

Adenovirus vector production by anchorage-independent 293 cells immobilized using porous biomass support particles (BSPs) was investigated in static and shake-flask cultures for efficient large-scale production of adenovirus vectors for gene therapy applications. The density of cells immobilized within BSPs was evaluated by measuring their WST-8 (2-(2-methoxy-4-nitrophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-(2,4-disulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium, monosodium salt) reduction activity. In shake-flask culture, 293-F cells, which were adapted to serum-free suspension culture, were not successfully retained within reticulated polyvinyl formal (PVF) resin BSPs (2 × 2 × 2 mm cubes) with matrices of relatively small pores (pore diameter 60 μm). When the BSPs were coated with a cationic polymer polyethyleneimine, a high cell density of more than 10⁷ cells cm⁻³-BSP was achieved in both static and shake-flask cultures with regular replacement of the culture medium. After infection with an adenovirus vector carrying the enhanced green fluorescent protein gene (Ad EGFP), the specific Ad EGFP productivity of the immobilized cells was comparable to the maximal productivity of non-immobilized 293-F cells by maintaining favorable conditions in the culture environment.     

Stabilisation of oxygen-labile nitrilases via co-aggregation with poly(ethyleneimine)

Three different nitrilases lost 50–100% of their activity upon exposure to oxygen for 40 h, whereas their activity was fully retained under an argon atmosphere. This effect is ascribed to a reaction of oxygen, presumably with the catalytic cysteine residue.

Co-aggregates of the nitrilases and high MW poly(ethyleneimine) were prepared by precipitation; these were physically very stable and protein release was not observed. The PEI co-aggregates of the nitrilases were much more oxygen-tolerant than the freely dissolved enzymes. The nitrilase from Pseudomonas fluorescens EBC 191, in particular, retained its full activity upon exposure to oxygen for 40 h. This result is ascribed to a low local oxygen concentration in the biocatalyst, due to the salting-out effect of the polycationic PEI.