Endophytic Bacillus sp. Isolated from the Interior of Balloon Flower Root

A bacterial strain, designated CY22, was isolated from the interior of balloon flower (Platycodon grandiflorum) root in the Republic of Korea. The isolate coproduced an iturin-like antifungal compound and a surfactin-like potent biosurfactant. Analysis of the 16S-rDNA of strain CY22 showed that the isolate was a member of Bacillus. High similarities were observed between strain CY22 and Bacillus sp. TKSP 24, and between strain CY22 and B. subtilis 168. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S-rDNA sequences showed that strain CY22 was closely related to Bacillus sp. The main whole-cell fatty acids were anteiso-C_15:0 (37%), C_17:0 (5.1%), and iso-C_15:0 (27.7%). DNA G + C content was 54 mol%. Based on phylogenetic inference, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics, this endophytic strain Bacillus sp. CY22 was assigned to the genus Bacillus.     

Subcellular Distribution and Chemical Forms of Cadmium in the Medicine Food Homology Plant <i>Platycodon grandiflorum</i> (Jacq.) A.DC.

Although Platycodon grandiflorum (Jacq.) A.DC. is a renowned medicine food homology plant, reports of excessive cadmium (Cd) levels are common, which affects its safety for clinical use and food consumption. To enable its Cd levels to be regulated or reduced, it is necessary to first elucidate the mechanism of Cd uptake and accumulation in the plant, in addition to its detoxification mechanisms. This present study used inductively couple plasma-mass-spectrometry to analyze the subcellular distribution and chemical forms of Cd in different tissues of P. grandiflorum. The experimental results showed that Cd was mainly accumulated in the roots [predominantly in the cell wall (50.96%–61.42%)], and it was found primarily in hypomobile and hypotoxic forms. The proportion of Cd in the soluble fraction increased after Cd exposure, and the proportion of insoluble phosphate Cd and oxalate Cd increased in roots and leaves, with a higher increase in oxalate Cd. Therefore, it is likely that root retention mechanisms, cell wall deposition, vacuole sequestration, and the formation of low mobility and low toxicity forms are tolerance strategies for Cd detoxification used by P. grandiflorum. The results of this study provide a theoretical grounding for the study of Cd accumulation and detoxification mechanisms in P. grandiflorum, and they can be used as a reference for developing Cd limits and standards for other medicine food homology plants.     

桔梗种子萌发对低温、干旱及互作胁迫的响应

以药用植物桔梗种子为材料,研究了低温、干旱及其互作对种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响,旨在探索在春寒干旱条件下其种子萌发对策及生态适应性,为桔梗野生种群恢复及人工栽培群体构建提供依据.结果表明,温度、干旱及其互作对桔梗种子萌发和幼苗生长均有显著影响.0-10％ PEG水分条件下,在变温10/20℃及恒温15-25℃下桔梗种子能够良好萌发(10％ PEG、20℃除外),而15％ PEG可显著抑制萌发.低温(10℃)下种子萌发始时间延迟,发芽率降低.随干旱胁迫程度的增加,10℃发芽率呈先升后降趋势,而其它温度下,发芽率和发芽指数均呈下降趋势.随温度的降低,幼苗根长、茎长及鲜重均呈下降趋势,且幼根生长对温度变化更为敏感.     

Antioxidant activity of phenylpropanoid esters isolated and identified from Platycodon grandiflorum A. DC

Platycodon grandiflorum A. DC (Campanulaceae) is used as a traditional oriental medicine and also as a food in Korea. Here we investigated its antioxidant activity, and isolated and identified its active compounds. Petroleum ether extracts from the whole root of P. grandiflorum were fractionated by silica gel column chromatography using a solvent gradient (petroleum ether:diethyl ether, v/v; 9:1-5:5). The 8:2 fraction showed a higher radical scavenging activity than the other fractions, and active compounds were purified from this fraction by reversed-phased HPLC. Two active compounds were identified as coniferyl alcohol esters of palmitic and oleic acids by FAB-MS, UV, IR and NMR spectroscopy. The antioxidant activities of these two compounds, which were evaluated by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), superoxide and nitric oxide radical scavenging capacity, were found to be as high as those of BHT or BHA.     

Authentication of traditional Chinese medicine using infrared spectroscopy: distinguishing between ginseng and its morphological fakes

The quality of pharmaceutical products such as ginseng is important for ensuring consumer safety and efficacy. Ginseng is an expensive herb, and adulteration with other cheaper products may occur. Quality assurance of ginseng is needed since many of its commercial products now come in various formulations such as capsules, powder, softgels and tea. Thus traditional means of authentication via smell, taste or physical appearance are hardly reliable. Herbs like ginseng tend to exhibit characteristic infrared fingerprints due to their different chemical constituents. Here we report for the first time a rapid means of distinguishing American and Asian ginsengs from two morphological fakes – sawdust and Platycodon grandiflorum, via pattern differences and principal component analysis of their infrared spectra. Our results show that ginseng can be distinguished from both sawdust and Platycodon grandiflorum, hence there is a potential of using infrared spectroscopy as a novel analytical technique in the authentication of ginseng.     

外源ALA、SNP和Spd对NaCl胁迫下桔梗种子萌发特性的影响

以药用植物桔梗为研究对象,通过测定不同浓度的ALA、SNP和Spd对NaCl胁迫下桔梗种子发芽势、发芽率、萌发指数和平均根长等萌发指标的影响,寻找提高桔梗种子及幼苗在盐胁迫条件下抗性能力的途径.实验结果表明,75 mmol·L-1 NaCl胁迫下的桔梗种子萌发受到显著抑制,但是用不同浓度的ALA、SNP和Spd对桔梗种...     

Prostaglandin-H-synthase (PGHS)-1 and -2 microtiter assays for the testing of herbal drugs and in vitro inhibition of PGHS-isoenzyms by polyunsaturated fatty acids from Platycodi radix

In order to test inhibition of prostaglandin-H-synthase-1 and -2 (PGHS-1 and -2) by plant extracts, we have established two enzyme based in vitro assays with enzyme immunoassay (EIA) evaluation. The assays have been evaluated with known synthetic inhibitors and with plant extracts. In a screening of traditionally used Chinese herbs for anti-inflammatory activity, a series of n-hexane and dichloromethane extracts showed significant inhibitory effect in comparison with the known specific PGHS-2 inhibitors NS-398 (IC(50) = 2.6 microM) and nimesulide (IC(50) = 36 microM). The lipophilic extracts of the Chinese drug Jiengeng, the dried roots of Platycodon grandiflorum (Jacq.) A. DC. (Campanulaceae), showed good inhibitory activity against both PGHS isoenzymes. The directly prepared DCM-extract exhibited better activity against PGHS-2 (IC(50) = 4.0 microg/ml) than against PGHS-1 (IC(50) = 17.6 microg/ml). We identified fatty acids as main active constituents and quantified them. Linoleic acid showed the highest content (ca. 20% of the dried extract) and a high and preferential PGHS-2 inhibitory activity (IC(50) (PGHS-1) = 20 microM; IC(50) (PGHS-2) = 2 microM). The comparison of the concentration of linoleic acid and the inhibitory activity of the direct DCM-extract showed, that linoleic acid is mainly responsible for the in vitro activity of the extract on PGHS-2.     

桔梗花药培养初报

本试验把花粉发育至单核靠边期的桔梗花药接在6种不同组合的培养基上诱导愈伤组织,并把诱导的愈伤组织转接到分化培养基,试图得出单倍体植株。结果表明：诱导率最高的培养基组合是N6 + 2,4-D 0.2mg·L^-1 + 6-BA1.0 mg·L-1,诱导率为89.6%;在N₆+6-BA1.0 mg·L^-1 + NAA0.5 mg·L^-1的分化培养基上最高分化率可达58.4%;经根尖压片检查染色体数目结果,分化的绿苗中弱小的植株是单倍体植株。     

桔梗的组织培养

桔梗 (ＰｌａｔｙｃｏｄｏｎｇｒａｎｄｉｆｌｏｒｕｍＡ .ＤＣ .)为桔梗科多年生草本植物 ,根供药用 ,有宣肺、祛痰、排脓之功效。用于治疗外感咳嗽 ,咽喉肿痛 ,肺痈吐脓等症[1] 。近年来 ,桔梗成为极具开发前景的一种药食两用经济作物 ,需求量大增 ,野生资源不能满足需要 ,人工栽培问题已有研究[2 ] ,进展也较快。桔梗药材生产主要采用种子或无性繁殖 ,而通过组织培养的方法进行桔梗快繁 ,在 80年代中期少数学者进行过初步研究[3 ,4 ] 。作者拟通过桔梗的离体培养试验 ,优化培养条件 ,为缩短桔梗育苗周期和优良品种快繁提供依据。1　材料…     

桔梗胚乳吸器结构研究

对桔梗（PlatycodongrandiflorusA.DC）的胚乳吸器进行了显微结构和超微结构研究,结果如下：1．胚乳的发育属细胞型。8-细胞胚乳时分化出珠孔吸器;16-细胞胚乳时分化出合点吸器。2．吸器细胞的壁存在大量壁内突,彼此交织成网状结构,浓厚的细胞质里有丰富的线粒体、内质网和高尔基体;细胞核及核仁异常增大;吸器细胞与胚乳细胞间存在大量的胞间连丝。3．珠被绒毡层与胚囊壁之间存在二层角质层,共同包围着胚囊,只在胚囊的珠孔端与合点端开口。胚乳吸器的功能是对来自孢子体的营养物质起吸收与转运作用,从而保证胚乳和胚的发育。