苦参中黄酮类化合物成分研究

本文对苦参EtOAc提取部分进行了分离,分得3个化合物,根据光谱数据分析鉴定为sophoraflavanone G(Ⅰ),忽布素(Ⅱ),β-谷甾醇(Ⅲ),其中化台物Ⅰ为首次自苦参中分离得到。     

Variation in trophic resources in female South American sea lions at a small geographic scale

Difference among colonies in the population structure of otariids can be driven by philopatry and/or by specializations in the foraging ecology of females. In northern Patagonia, the South American sea lion (SASL) shows some degree of spatial genetic structure among colonies from north and south zones. This study aims to explore the isotopic niche of SASL females in the last period of the pregnancy from different colonies of northern Patagonia and to consider whether the fine scale genetic spatial structuring is potentially related to variation in trophic resources. Stable isotope analysis was performed on 101 skin samples of newborn pups in 10 colonies, as a proxy for the feeding ecology of their mothers. Differences among colonies in the metrics studied revealed the plasticity of the species and support individual trophic specialization of SASL females at a small geographic scale. Also, significant differences were found in all isotopic metrics between the north and south zones. Several hypotheses were proposed to explain the differences in SASL females' isotope values (e.g., use of different foraging areas or prey, isotopic baseline variation). Nonetheless, further research is needed to better understand the relation between fine scale genetic structuring and the foraging ecology of SASL females.     

苦参提取物对口腔主要致龋细菌作用的实验研究

目的观察苦参提取物对口腔主要致龋细菌及其生物膜生长、黏附、产酸和产糖的影响,探寻其防龋作用机制。方法将苦参提取物按照二倍梯度稀释法测定最低抑菌浓度,0.5 g/L氯己定为阳性对照,不含药液组为阴性对照组;采用紫外分光光度计测定细菌黏附能力;通过生物膜结晶紫染色法测定生物膜抑制浓度和生物膜清除浓度;通过ΔpH法和苯酚-硫酸法分别测定细菌的产酸和合成水不溶性胞外多糖情况。结果苦参提取物对口腔主要致龋细菌的最低抑菌浓度均为4 g/L;在4 g/L时,对变形链球菌、远缘链球菌、血链球菌、粘性放线菌和内氏放线菌黏附抑制率分别为(77.6%±1.2%)、(66.7%±1.8%)、(60.68%±2.9%)、(79.8%±1.2%)和(85.1%±1.3%)。2 g/L时能够显著抑制浮游菌产酸及合成水不溶性胞外多糖能力。4 g/L时对变形链球菌、远缘链球菌、血链球菌、粘性放线菌、内氏放线菌和嗜酸乳杆菌生物膜形成抑制率分别为(87.5%±1.3%)、(85.4%±0.5%)、(89.0%±0.3%)、(77.2%±0.7%)、(87.4%±1.1%)和(80.4%±1.3%);并对以上细菌生物膜的最低清除浓度分别为16、16、16、16、8和8 g/L。苦参提取物在50%的最小生物膜清除浓度下对单菌生物膜的产酸和合成水不溶性细胞外多糖的抑制率分别为67.5%～94.1%和42.3%～60.0%。结论苦参提取物能够抑制口腔主要致龋细菌浮游和生物膜状态下的生长、黏附、产酸和产糖,其有望成为一种龋齿预防制剂。     

Mating for convenience or genetic diversity? Mating patterns in the polygynous ant Plagiolepis pygmaea

Several genetic and nongenetic benefits have been proposed toexplain multiple mating (polyandry) in animals, to compensatefor costs associated with obtaining additional mates. The mostprominent hypotheses stress the benefits of increased geneticdiversity. In social insects, queens of most species mate onlyonce or have effective mating frequencies close to one. Yet,in a few species of ants, bees, and wasps, polyandry is therule. In these species, colonies are usually headed by a singlequeen, whereas multiple queening adds diversity in several ofthe remaining species, especially in ants. Here we investigatedmating frequency, inbreeding and relatedness between the queensand their mates in the polygynous ant Plagiolepis pygmaea, andthe effect of polyandry on the genetic diversity as a functionof the effective population size of individual colonies. Ourresults show that polyandry occurs frequently in the species.However, queens are frequently inseminated by close relatives,and additional sires add little genetic diversity among offspringof individual queens. In addition, the increase in diversityat the colony level is only marginal. Hence, contrary to establishednotions, polyandry in P. pygmaea seems not to be driven by substantialbenefits of genetic diversity. Nonetheless, very small or asyet unidentified genetic benefits to one party (males, workers,queens) in conjunction with low costs of mating may favor polyandry.Alternatively, nongenetic factors, such as convenience polyandry,may be more important than genetic factors in promoting polyandryin P. pygmaea.     

基于几何形态测量学的黄蜻翅的雌雄二态性研究

【目的】本研究运用几何形态测量学方法对黄蜻Pantala flavescens Fabricius前翅和后翅的雌雄二态性进行分析,探讨黄蜻雌雄性在翅上的形态差异。【方法】通过对黄蜻的前翅和后翅做数字化标点,获得翅的形态信息。经主成分分析(PCA)和薄片样条法(TPS)获得雌雄性在翅型和翅脉上的差异性。【结果】PCA结果表明,黄蜻雌雄性的前翅和后翅在翅型、翅脉结构上存在着明显差异,而且后翅间的差异更大。经TPS分析可知,雌雄性黄蜻前翅上的差异部位主要发生在亚翅结和三角室,后翅的差异部位主要发生在亚翅结、肘脉域和臀角区域。对黄蜻前后翅的大小分析(CS)可知,雌性黄蜻前后翅较大,雄性黄蜻前后翅较小。【结论】黄蜻雌雄性间的翅型结构差异性表明雌雄性在其各自生活史中履行不同的职责,特定的飞行模式逐渐形成特定的翅型、翅脉结构。     

Inbreeding and kinship in the ant Plagiolepis pygmaea

In ants the presence of multiple reproductive queens (polygyny) decreases the relatedness among workers and the brood they rear, and subsequently dilutes their inclusive fitness benefits from helping. However, adoption of colony daughters, low male dispersal in conjunction with intranidal (within nest) mating and colony reproduction by budding may preserve local genetic differences, and slow down the erosion of relatedness. Reduced dispersal and intranidal mating may, however, also lead to detrimental effects owing to competition and inbreeding. We studied mating and dispersal patterns, and colony kinship in three populations of the polygynous ant Plagiolepis pygmaea using microsatellite markers. We found that the populations were genetically differentiated, but also a considerable degree of genetic structuring within populations. The genetic viscosity within populations can be attributed to few genetically homogeneous colony networks, which presumably have arisen through colony reproduction by budding. Hence, selection may act at different levels, the individuals, the colonies and colony networks. All populations were also significantly inbred (F=0.265) suggesting high frequencies of intranidal mating and low male dispersal. Consequently the mean regression relatedness among workers was significantly higher (r = 0.529-0.546) than would be expected under the typically reported number (5-35) of queens in nests of the species. Furthermore, new queens were mainly recruited from their natal or a neighbouring related colony. Finally, the effective number of queens coincided with that found upon excavation, suggesting low reproductive skew.     

Feeding behaviour of reared and wild cod and the effect of learning: two strategies of feeding on the two-spotted goby

This study investigates possible differences in the feeding behaviour of reared and wild cod Gadus morhua and the effect of learning in connection with sea-ranching experiments. In two laboratory experiments, single individuals, reared or wild, were allowed to prey upon 15 two-spotted gobies Gobiusculus flavescens in trials of 30 min duration. Reared and wild cod seldom attacked stationary gobies and generally attacked moving gobies, and reaction times were similar (c. 0·25 s). Reared and wild cod ingested similar numbers of gobies per trial. Reared cod, however, caught more gobies in pursuits, while wild cod took more gobies in lunges. Reared cod had higher costs as measured by a higher index of energy expenditure and a higher opercular beat frequency, and wild cod were thus more efficient (benefit divided by cost). The efficiency of both groups tended to increase as they gained experience. The results indicate that reared cod more often used a pursuit strategy and wild cod more often a lunge strategy. Differences in previous experience may have initiated the strategies, and the success of each strategy in the experimental situation, in addition to the potential cost of changing strategy, may have maintained them. For cod released into a natural habitat, a pursuit strategy may lead to low efficiency vis-à-vis mobile prey and could also involve a high risk of predation, forcing reared Cod to change strategy.     

Oligoryzomys flavescens (Rodentia, Muridae): gene flow among populations from central-eastern Argentina

In species acting as hosts of infectious agents, the extent of gene flow between populations is of particular interest because the expansion of different infectious diseases is usually related to the dispersal of the host. We have estimated levels of gene flow among populations of the sigmodontine rodent Oligoryzomys flavescens, in which high titers of antibodies have been detected for a Hantavirus in Argentina that produces a severe pulmonary syndrome. Enzyme polymorphism was studied by means of starch gel electrophoresis in 10 populations from the area where human cases of Hantavirus have occurred. Genetic differentiation between populations was calculated from F_ST values with the equation Nm = [(1/F_ST−1]/4. To assess the relative importance of current gene flow and historical associations between populations, the relationship of population pairwise log Nm and log geographic distance was examined. Low F_ST (mean = 0.038) and high Nm (15.27) values suggest high levels of gene flow among populations. The lack of an isolation by distance pattern would indicate that this species has recently colonized the area. The northernmost population, located on the margin of a great river, shows very high levels of gene flow with the downstream populations despite the large geographic distances. Passive transport of animals down the river by floating plants would promote unidirectional gene flow. This fact and the highest mean heterozygosity of that northernmost population suggest it is a center of dispersal within the species' range. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

The effect of turbidity and illumination on the reaction distance and search time of the marine planktivore Gobiusculus flavescens

Both reduced illumination and increased turbidity caused a significant reduction in reaction distance of Gobiusculus flavescens . The longest reaction distance, 18.9 cm for larger prey (Calanus finmarchicus) , occurred at a light level of 80 μmol m ⁻² s ⁻¹ compared to 12.9 cm for a smaller prey (Acartia clausi) at 8 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹. Above a light saturation level of 10 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹, additional light had little influence on reaction distance. In the turbidity experiments, the longest reaction distances were measured at turbidity levels of 10–20 JTU. Prey size influenced reaction distance at all tested light levels. Search time was influenced by prey size only at low illumination. With increasing turbidity, reaction distance to a group of prey was longer than to one prey.     

DISTRIBUTION AND POPULATION SIZE OF THE SOUTHERN SEA LION (OTARIA FLAVESCENS) IN CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN CHUBUT,PATAGONIA, ARGENTINA

Population size and distribution of Otaria flavescens in central and southern Chubut, Patagonia were determined by aerial censuses conducted during the breeding season in 1989 and 1995 and outside the season. Pup numbers were corrected by means of a linear regression between pup and adult male (AM) numbers obtained from terrestrial censuses carried out in 1994 and 1996. During the 1989 breeding season, 10,557 sea lions occurred at 29 locations; 2,800 (26.3%) were pups. During the 1995 breeding season, 14,887 animals were censused at 32 sites; 3,311 (22.2%) were pups. The corrected pup number increased to 4,852, indicating that around 32% is lost when counting from photographs. The corrected total number increased to 16,483; this fell to less than one half between breeding seasons (November 1990 and 1995). The 1995 breeding season census represents the highest number since 1972 (8,800) and the widest historical dispersion (37 sites year round contrasting with 13 in the late 1940s and 1972). However, the present number is about one half of the 33,000 censused about 50 yr ago. Using a correction factor developed for the north Paragonian population (1.8 × censused number) the present population size in the area can be estimated at around 29,669 individuals.