A pilot scale two-stage anaerobic digester treating food waste leachate (FWL): Performance and microbial structure analysis using pyrosequencing

Food waste leachate (FWL) from the food waste recycling facilities in Korea is a serious environmental problem. Much research was done on anaerobic digestion of FWL in a lab-scale; however, there is little information on a large scale anaerobic digestion system (ADS). In this study, a two-phase ADS in a pilot scale was operated using FWL and the ADS performance and microbial structure dynamics using pyrosequencing were investigated. The ADS was operated for 136 days using FWL containing a high concentration of volatile fatty acid (12,435 ± 2203 mg/L), exhibiting volatile acid (VS) removal efficiency of 74–89% and CH₄ yield of 0.39–0.85 Nm³/kg of reduced VS. The microbial structure at 76, 101, and 132 days indicated the methanogen population shift from acetoclastic methanogens (Methanosarcina and Methanosaeta) to hydrogenotrophic methanogens (Methanobacterium and Methanoculleus). The bacterial community also shifted to the taxa syntrophically related with hydrogenotrophic methanogens (Clostridia). The statistical analysis revealed the positive correlation of VS removal efficiency with Methanosarcina, but the negative correlation with Methanobacterium. The results presented here suggest that acetoclastic methanogens and their associated bacteria were more efficient for VS removal in the pilot scale ADS system, providing useful information for FWL treatment in a large scale ADS.     

50L规模中试发酵重组核苷二磷酸激酶A工程菌

中试规模发酵重组人核苷二磷酸激酶A（rhNDPK-A）工程菌,并对表达产物进行纯化。摇瓶培养一级种子至合适密度,以10%比例接种二级种子培养基,在7L发酵罐中培养至OD600为9.6～10.5,然后转入80L发酵罐中进行补料分批培养,所得菌体裂解后,经离子交换层析和亲和层析两步纯化得重组蛋白制品。结果表明,50L培养液经过10h培养后,湿菌收量为1560 g/批,NDPK-A表达量为23.8%。另外,补料方式对发酵密度有明显影响。与单纯补加碳源相比,同时补加碳源和氮源可以显著提高菌体产量,但对目的蛋白表达量地提高不明显。在较优条件下,菌体产量为(2220.00±169.71) g/批,蛋白表达量为(22.00±0.42) %,纯化后重组蛋白得率为510mg/L。产物可溶、密度适中、工艺简便的中试发酵条件的建立为高得率、大规模制备重组rhNDPK-A奠定了基础。     

Bioremediation of gasoline-contaminated groundwater in a pilot-scale packed-bed anaerobic reactor

This work reports on the anaerobic treatment of gasoline-contaminated groundwater in a pilot-scale horizontal-flow anaerobic immobilized biomass reactor inoculated with a methanogenic consortium. BTEX removal rates varied from 59 to 80%, with a COD removal efficiency of 95% during the 70 days of in situ trial. BTEX removal was presumably carried out by microbial syntrophic interactions, and at the observed concentrations, the interactions among the aromatic compounds may have enhanced overall biodegradation rates by allowing microbial growth instead of co-inhibiting biodegradation. There is enough evidence to support the conclusion that the pilot-scale reactor responded similarly to the lab-scale experiments previously reported for this design.     

Large-scale growth and taxane production in cell cultures of Taxus cuspidata (Japanese yew) using a novel bioreactor

 A novel type of bioreactor was successfully developed for the production of taxol and its precursors by culturing cells of Taxus cuspidata (Japanese yew) on a pilot-scale. Rapidly growing cell lines were selected from callus cultures derived from immature embryos of yew. The cells were inoculated in 20-l capacity bioreactors of different types to test the growth performance. The models of small-scale bioreactors incorporated in this study included a balloon-type bubble bioreactor (BTBB), a bubble-column bioreactor (BCB), a BCB with a split-plate internal loop, a BCB with a concentric draught-tube internal loop, a BCB with a fluidized bed bioreactor, and two different models of stirred tank reactors. Among the reactors, BTBB appeared to be the most efficient in promoting cell growth. The doubling time of cell growth in BTBB was 12 days with a 30% inoculation cell density. The optimum time for medium replacement or feeding was 12–15 days after inoculation as determined by monitoring both the levels of sugars and medium conductivity. When yew tree cells were grown in different sizes (100–500-l) of BTBBs, more than 70% cell viability was recorded at the time of harvest. The growth pattern of the cells in the pilot-scale BTBB appeared to be the same as that of cells in the 20-l bioreactors. Approximately 3 mg/l of taxol and 74 mg/l total taxanes were obtained after 27 days of culture. Received: 6 April 1999 / Revision received: 23 August 1999 / Accepted: 31 August 1999     

代谢工程改造大肠杆菌合成丁二酸及发酵罐放大工艺

【背景】Escherichia coli AFP111发酵生产丁二酸时大量副产乙酸,丁二酸得率低。【目的】代谢工程改造EscherichiacoliAFP111,提高丁二酸得率,降低副产物乙酸的生成,建立100 L规模的丁二酸发酵工艺。【方法】一步同源重组敲除乙酸合成途径关键酶基因,改造丁二酸合成途径关键酶启动子实现过表达;单因素优化5L发酵罐培养条件。【结果】敲除乙酸产生途径编码乙酸激酶和磷酸转乙酰酶的基因ackA-pta、苏氨酸脱羧酶和2-酮丁酸甲酸裂解酶的基因tdcDE获得SX02菌株,摇瓶发酵条件下其乙酸产量下降了53.42%,丁二酸得率提高9.85%。在SX02菌株基础上,经启动子改造过表达编码葡萄糖激酶的基因glk后获得菌株SX03,其Glk酶活性提高3.66倍,乙酸产量下降了31.62%,丁二酸得率提高8.28%。SX03菌株发酵生产丁二酸在5 L发酵罐进行放大,其乙酸产量为3.97 g/L,丁二酸得率为1.62 mol/mol葡萄糖,相比出发菌株的乙酸产量下降了75.76%,丁二酸得率提高19.12%。在5L发酵罐上对比研究了中和剂Na2CO3和NaOH混合液替换碱式MgCO3的发酵效果,并优化了发酵pH、搅拌转速和葡萄糖浓度,获得如下最适发酵条件:pH6.8,搅拌转速250r/min,葡萄糖100g/L,发酵结束时乙酸产量为2.24 g/L,丁二酸得率为1.66 mol/mol葡萄糖。中和剂替换优化后乙酸产量下降了20.65%,丁二酸得率提高2.47%。菌株SX03发酵工艺进一步在100 L发酵罐上实现放大,其乙酸产量为1.91 g/L,丁二酸得率为1.30 mol/mol葡萄糖。【结论】通过代谢工程改造的大肠杆菌,其副产物乙酸含量显著下降,丁二酸得率提高,并在5 L和100 L发酵罐上实现了工艺放大,展现出较大的工业化利用潜力。     

Effect of wastewater step-feeding on removal efficiency of pilot-scale horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands

The performance of a pilot-scale horizontal subsurface flow (HSF) constructed wetland is investigated with emphasis on the effects of wastewater step-feeding. One pilot-scale unit, of dimensions 3 m in length and 0.75 m in width, operated continuously from January 2004 until February 2007. The unit contained cobbles obtained from a river bed and was planted with common reed (Phragmites australis). Synthetic wastewater was introduced to the unit. During the first two years of operation (period A) one inflow point was used at the upstream end of the unit. During the third year of operation (period B), wastewater step-feeding was adopted. Wastewater was introduced to the unit through three inlet points: one at the upstream end of the unit length and the other two at 1/3 and 2/3 of the unit length. Two wastewater step-feeding schemes were examined during the second working period: 33:33:33 and 60:25:15. Three HRTs (6, 8 and 14 days) were applied; wastewater temperatures varied from 6.0 to 25.0 °C. On the whole, the adoption of step-feeding in a HSF CW may be positive if an appropriate scheme is selected. Indeed, the removal of organic matter (BOD₅ and COD), nitrogen (TKN and ammonia) and phosphorus (Total Phosphorus and ortho-phosphate) was improved under the step-feeding Scheme 60:25:15, while the other scheme (33:33:33) affected negatively the wetland performance.     

毕赤酵母发酵生产T4溶菌酶的中试研究

研究了T4溶菌酶的中试发酵放大生产。在200L发酵罐中毕赤酵母诱导表达T4溶菌酶蛋白,发酵液蛋白表达量达到1.69g/L,酶活达到192U/mg;制得冻干酶粉211.1g。经测定粗酶粉中T4溶菌酶的含量达到68.9%,酶活为182U/mg,总收率达到66%,成功建立了一条T4溶菌酶的中试发酵生产工艺线路。     

Copper reduction in a pilot-scale membrane-free bioelectrochemical reactor

A pilot-scale, membrane-free, bioelectrochemical system (BES) reactor (16L in volume) installed by five cathodes with different distance to anode was tested for the removal of copper. CuSO4 solution was used as catholyte and anaerobic microorganisms grew as anodic biocatalyst. In the reactor, Cu(II) was reduced and recovered as solid-state copper deposits on cathodes accompanied with power production. When 600 and 2000 mg of Cu2+ were added into the cathode chamber, removal efficiency of 92% over 480 h and 48% over 672 h period with electric quantities of 2724 C and 8703 C, and cathodic efficiencies of 61.92% and 45.60% were achieved, respectively. The reduction reaction rate depended on the initial average Cu2+ concentration. The internal resistance decreased and voltage output increased as the distance of each cathode to anode decreased. The mass of metal Cu crystals and Cu(I) compounds deposited on each cathode was dependent on current intensity.     

Bacterial community dynamics in a functionally stable pilot-scale wastewater treatment plant

To determine whether functional stability was correlated with a stable microbial community structure in a functionally stable pilot-scale wastewater treatment plant, bacterial communities in the system were monitored over a one-year period. Bacterial community dynamics was characterized by the terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) of 16S rRNA genes. During the study period, the effluent BOD concentrations were very stable, with the average BOD concentration below 10 mg/L. The effluent TN concentrations were always below 20 mg/L, except for the first 40 days. T-RFLP results showed that, during the test period, the bacterial community structures were not stable, with an average change rate (every 15 days) of 20.4% ± 11.2%. Based on Lorenz distribution curves, it was observed that 20% of the species corresponded with 40-77% of cumulative relative abundances. Results clearly revealed that, in the pilot-scale wastewater treatment plant, functional stability did not correlate with stable bacterial communities.