用Reinecke盐液曝光计检测树冠内的光合有效辐射

1 引言 传统的植物光合生理生态研究中,多用照度计来测定光照指标,它以人眼对光亮度的响应特性为基础,与植物叶片对光照的响应曲线差异很大;而太阳光谱中只有400—700nm的波段才是光合有效辐射     

Photochemical Synthesis and Multiphoton Luminescence of Monodisperse Silver Nanocrystals

A rapid, photochemical solution-phase synthesis has been developed for the production of monodisperse, nanometer-sized silver particles. The stabilizer used in the synthesis can be used to control the average diameter of the particles over a range from 1 to 7 nm. The same reaction mixture can also be employed to deposit patterns of nanoparticles with a laser via multiphoton absorption. The particles exhibit strong multiphoton absorption-induced luminescence when irradiated with 800-nm light, allowing emission from single nanoparticles to be observed readily.     

三叶半夏组培快繁与优良单株的选育

本文利用组织培养技术实现了三种不同叶型三叶半夏的快速繁殖,并通过光合生理特征的比较对其优良单株进行了选育。结果表明：半夏能在分化培养基MS+6-BA 1.0 mg/L + NAA 0.2 mg/L+蔗糖3%+琼脂5.0 g/L和离体块茎诱导培养基（1/2 MS+IBA 0.03 mg/L+ NAA 0.01 mg/L+蔗糖5%+琼脂5.0 g/L+AC 0.3 g/L）上快速扩繁,继代繁殖系数为1:6.23,培养3个月后块茎的平均直径达0.88cm。 对其光合生理特征的研究结果表明：三叶半夏是一种典型的阴生植物,其光饱和点为700μmol·photons/s·m2;三种叶型的三叶半夏都存在着明显的光抑制现象,其中柳叶型最明显。本研究所选育的11个单株后代中,以桃叶2号（T2）的净光合速率和产量最高,柳叶2号（L2）对强光的耐受力最强。经过6个月的扩繁,本研究获得优良单株T2和L2离体块茎各1万颗。在温州乐清实验基地中经过1年的大田种植后得优良单株半夏块茎各100kg。     

Physiological characteristics of citrus plants infested with citrus blackfly

Aleurocanthus woglumi (Ashby, 1915) is an important agricultural pest that causes yield losses of 20–80% in citrus plants by removing plant nutrients while feeding and allowing the formation of sooty mold. The objective of this study was to evaluate physiological changes in citrus plants in response to A. woglumi infestation under field conditions. The experiment was conducted in a citrus orchard in Paço do Lumiar, Maranhão, Brazil. Thirty-two citrus plants were used, including eight of each of the following varieties: Tahiti lime, Tanjaroa tangerine, Nissey tangerine, and Ponkan tangerine. Four random plants with A. woglumi infestation and four plants free from this pest were selected from each variety. The physiological parameters evaluated were photochemical efficiency and gas exchange. Regarding photochemical efficiency, infested plants presented photoinhibition damage, with a performance index of 4.22. The gas exchange parameters of infested plants changed, with reductions in photosynthetic CO₂ assimilation of 69.7% (Tahiti), 64% (Tanjaroa), 68.8% (Nissey) and 63.3% (Ponkan). Plants infested with A. woglumi also presented physiological changes; their photosynthetic CO₂ assimilation, stomatal conductance, instantaneous transpiration, and performance indexes were affected. The infested citrus plants showed photoinhibition of photosystem II. The photosynthetic CO₂ assimilation decreased approximately 70% in Tahiti lime, Tanjaroa tangerine, Nissey tangerine, and Ponkan tangerine plants infested with A. woglumi.     

高CO_2和UVR对叉节藻和刚毛藻生长及光化学效率的影响

为研究高CO2及UVR对大型海藻耦合效应的影响,实验选择红藻门可进行钙化的叉节藻(Amphiroa sp.)与绿藻门不具钙化能力的刚毛藻(Cladophora sp.)进行对比,探讨了高CO2与UVR对这两种藻生长及光化学效率的影响,并分析高CO2和UVR的耦合效应。结果表明,CO2浓度由360μmol/mol当前空气中CO2浓度)提高到1000μmol/mol培养73d后,叉节藻的生长下降了40.01%,而刚毛藻却增加了40.08%,UVR对叉节藻的光华学效率造成的抑制率增加了77.76%,对刚毛藻的抑制率增加了17.02%,这说明高CO2引起的海水酸化加剧了UVR对藻体的负面效应,且对具有钙化能力的叉节藻影响更显著。而叉节藻和刚毛藻之间的差异体现了藻体对海水酸化和UVR响应的种间特异性。     

One-electron oxidation of "photo-Fenton" reagents and inhibition of lipid peroxidation

The "photo-Fenton" reagent, 2-mercaptopyridine N-oxide (MPO), which releases a hydroxyl radical on ultraviolet irradiation, has been found to act as an antioxidant. In the peroxidation of linoleate initiated by a water-soluble azo-initiator, MPO has about one-third the activity of the water-soluble vitamin E analogue Trolox C. In contrast, the oxygen-containing analogue, 2-hydroxypyridine N-oxide (HPO), does not have measurable antioxidant activity in this system. Both reagents react with hydroxyl radical with second order rate constants very close to the diffusion-controlled limit. With the less oxidising dithiocyanate radical anion, MPO reacts approximately 50 times more rapidly than HPO at pH>7. The more reducing properties of MPO result in its activity as an antioxidant and make it less suitable than HPO as a source of hydroxyl radicals for investigation of oxidative stress in biological systems.     

The effect of low temperatures on the photosynthetic apparatus of Quercus ilex subsp. ballota at its lower and upper altitudinal limits in the Iberian peninsula and during a single freezing-thawing cycle

We investigated the response of the photosynthetic apparatus during an episode of extreme low winter temperature in Quercus ilex subsp. ballota (Desf.) Samp., a typical Mediterranean evergreen species in the Iberian peninsula. Both plants in a woodland located at high altitude (1,177 m. a.s.l.) and potted plants obtained from acorns of the same populations grown at low altitude (225 m. a.s.l.) were analyzed. Net CO₂ assimilation rate was negative and there was a marked decrease in photosystem II (PSII) efficiency during winter in leaves of the woodland population (high altitude individuals). These processes were accompanied by increases in non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) and in the de-epoxidated carotenoids within the xanthophyll cycle, mechanisms aimed to dissipate excess energy. In addition, these de-epoxidated carotenoids were largely preserved during the night. There was no chlorophyll bleaching during the winter, which suggests that leaves were not experiencing photoinhibitory damage. In fact, the net photosynthetic rate and the PSII efficiency recovered in spring. These changes were not observed, or were much more reduced, in individuals located at lower altitude after a few frosts. When the response to rapid temperature changes (from 20°C to –5°C and from –5°C to 20°C) was studied, it was found that the maximum potential PSII efficiency was fairly stable, ranging from 0.70 to 0.75. The rest of the photosynthetic parameters measured, actual and intrinsic PSII efficiency, photochemical and NPQ, responded immediately to the changes in temperature and, also, the recovery after cold events was practically immediate.     

Covalent binding of α-chymotrypsin on the magnetic nanogels covered by amino groups

A new aminated carrier—magnetic nanogels covered by amino groups, was obtained by Hoffman degradation of polyacrylamide-coated Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles prepared by photochemical polymerization. α-Chymotrypsin (CT) was covalently bound to the magnetic nanogels by use of 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminepropyl) carbodiimide and N-hydroxysuccinimide at room temperature. Immobilization time, pH value of the reaction mixture and proportion of CT to the magnetic nanogels were investigated to obtain the optimum condition for CT immobilization. The maximal specific activity of the bound CT was determined to be 0.93 U/(mg min), 59.3% of free counterpart. The maximal binding capacity was measured to be 102 mg enzyme/g nanogel. Furthermore, the bound CT exhibited good thermal stability, storage stability and reusability.