Wood distillate (pyroligneous acid) boosts nutritional traits of potato tubers

Potato is the fourth most widely consumed staple food in the world. This study investigated the effectiveness of 0.2% wood distillate (WD), a biostimulant derived from the pyrolysis of waste plant biomass, in boosting the nutritional quality of potato tubers. The results showed that application of WD significantly increased the content of soluble sugars (sucrose +56.3%; glucose +44.9%; fructose +62.2%), starch (+35.1%) and total carbohydrates (+16.8%). Antioxidants (total antioxidant power, polyphenols, flavonoids) and most mineral elements (K, Mg, Ca, Na, Fe, Zn) were not affected. A lower content of Cu (−17.8%) and P (−24.5%) was found in WD-treated potato.     

Effect of (E4, Z6)-4,6-Hexadecadienal in attraction of Stathmopoda masinissa with its pheromone components of Korean population

Timely insecticidal application for Stathmopoda masinissa Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Stathmopodidae), is important, for reducing damage to persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.), an important tree fruit cultivated in Korea. In this regard, the early and precise detection of adult S. masinissa is desirable. In this study, we report the effect of (E4,Z6)-4,6-hexadecadienal (E4,Z6-16Ald) with sex pheromone components in attracting S. masinissa males. The sex pheromone of S. masinissa in the Korean population comprised two components, (E4,Z6)-4,6-hexadecadienyl acetate (E4,Z6-16Ac) and (E4,Z6)-4,6-hexadecadienol (E4,Z6-16OH). It was shown that the E4,Z6-16Ald acts as a synergist of E4,Z6-16Ac for attracting S. masinissa in the Japanese population. To test whether E4,Z6-16Ald could be used as an attractant in the Korean population, the E4,Z6-16Ald with the two pheromone components was evaluated in attracting S. masinissa males. Electroantennography (EAG) assays were performed to determine the antennal responses of S. masinissa males to the two pheromone components and E4,Z6-16Ald tested. A field attraction test with a combination of pheromones and E4,Z6-16Ald was carried out for 3 years in three different regions in Korea. E4,Z6-16Ald elicited as high a response as the two pheromone components. A mixture of the two pheromone components and E4,Z6-16Ald and a mixture of E4,Z6-16Ac and E4,Z6-16Ald attracted more S. masinissa males than a mixture of E4,Z6-16Ac and E4,Z6-16OH, the pheromone of Korean population. This new pheromone lure formulation with E4,Z6-16Ald is expected to contribute to the precise detection of S. masinissa by luring males to pheromone-baited traps.     

Single and combined effects of Drosophila suzukii and Drosophila melanogaster on sour rot development in viticulture

Sour rot is a disease complex that causes serious damage in viticulture. The common vinegar fly Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera: Drosophilidae) is associated with sour rot in overripe or otherwise damaged grapes. Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) is an invasive species, which is suspected to induce sour rot in previously undamaged grapes due to the flies' ability to infest healthy, undamaged soft fruits with its serrated ovipositor. As a consequence, infection of healthy grapes by D. suzukii may facilitate the colonization by D. melanogaster. We investigated the single and combined effects of D. suzukii and D. melanogaster on sour rot development by measuring volatile acidity under near-natural conditions in the vineyard, along with laboratory experiments under controlled climate. In 2017, the combined field and laboratory experiments suggested that the presence of D. suzukii and D. melanogaster increased the volatile acidity levels at a similar rate. In 2018, the field experiments showed an only marginal increase in sour rot development in treatments with both Drosophila species. Under more favourable laboratory conditions, the presence of D. suzukii, but not D. melanogaster triggered sour rot emergence. A facilitating effect of D. suzukii infestation for D. melanogaster was not detectable. These findings suggest that D. suzukii does in fact have the potential to trigger sour rot, but will probably rarely do so under field conditions in the vineyard, at least in the studied region. Instead, our study showed that D. melanogaster can have a similar impact on sour rot development as D. suzukii, emphasizing the need of comparative studies.     

Role of Copper Ions in the Regulation of L-Glutamate Biosynthesis

Cell-free extracts of Brevibacterium thiogenitalis culture grown in the presence of copper catalyzed the oxidation of NADH₂ and succinate through an electron transport chain which contained menaquinones and cytochromes a, b and c. On the other hand, extracts of cells grown in the absence of copper lacked cytochromes a and c, and contained cytochrome d.

These findings, as well as the results obtained in inhibition experiments, suggest that in copper-deficient cells the major part of NADH₂ was oxidized via a bypass in which the electrons were transferred directly from flavoprotein or cytochrome b to molecular oxygen.

Electron transport from these substrates to molecular oxygen resulted in ATP synthesis. The average P/O ratios in extracts of the copper-sufficient cells were 0.33 for generated NADH₂, 0.20 for added NADH₂, and 0.34 for succinate, and those in extracts of the copper-deficient cells were 0.15, 0.13 and 0.21, respectively. In addition, a linear relationship was found between the yield of L-glutamate from acetate and the P/Ο ratios with both NADH₂ and succinate as substrates.

From these results, it is reasonable to consider that the poor yield of L-glutamate from acetate in copper-deficient cells was due to a reduction in energy supply, which was caused by the low efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation.     

基于DNA高通量测序分析生料酿醋过程中的真菌多样性

【目的】了解生料酿醋不同阶段的真菌群落结构及其变化规律,为生料酿醋工艺优化提供理论指导。【方法】从山西一家生料酿醋企业采集原料、麸曲、发酵缸醋醅、熏醋样、淋醋样等涉及生料酿醋各阶段的样品共51份,扩增真菌ITS1区序列并利用高通量测序技术分析真菌多样性。【结果】除5份样品未扩增成功外,在剩余46份样品中共检测到489个真菌OTU,以子囊菌为主(占88.3%)。原料、麸曲、发酵缸醋醅、熏醋样、淋醋样等不同组别间在真菌群落结构方面存在显著差异。原料和麸曲中的真菌物种丰富度最低,发酵缸醋醅的真菌物种丰富度最高,熏醋样和淋醋样中的真菌物种丰富度又有所降低。原料和麸曲中的优势真菌分别为酿酒酵母和黑曲霉,是发酵阶段真菌的重要来源,但发酵缸醋醅中也检测到大量可能来源于发酵室环境的真菌。发酵缸醋醅在不同发酵时期间也存在明显的真菌群落结构差异,并可据此划分成发酵前期(包括发酵第2–13天的样品)和发酵后期(包括发酵第17–46天的样品)。酿酒酵母和亮白曲霉的丰度在发酵前期显著高于发酵后期,而黑曲霉、一种小戴卫霉科真菌等的丰度在发酵后期显著高于发酵前期。【结论】生料酿醋的不同阶段和发酵缸醋醅发酵的不同时期,其真菌群落结构都存在明显差异。酿酒酵母和黑曲霉是发酵阶段的优势真菌。本研究为生料酿醋工艺优化提供了理论依据。     

Intestinal immunostimulatory activity of neutral polysaccharide isolated from traditionally fermented Korean brown rice vinegar

In this study, diverse intestinal immunostimulatory activities were demonstrated for polysaccharides (KBV-CP) isolated from Korean brown rice vinegar. Monosaccharide composition analysis indicated that KBV-CP was composed mainly of neutral sugar units, primarily glucose and mannose. In vitro, KBV-CP significantly augmented the productions of immunoglobulin A (IgA) and IgA-related cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, results of an in vitro co-culture system of intestinal Caco-2 cells and RAW 264.7 macrophage cells suggested that KBV-CP is not only cytotoxic to Caco-2 cells but also capable of being transported across the small intestinal barrier. Oral administration of KBV-CP every other day for 20 days induced the IgA production by Peyer’s patch cells as well as in intestinal fluid and fecal extract. In addition, the production of IgA-related cytokines such as TGF-β and IL-6, and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor was triggered.     

福建红曲醋中产酸菌株的分离及鉴定

添加含有高浓度乙醇的红曲酒至福建传统红曲醋醋母中富集产酸菌株,采用高浓度乙醇平板,依据溶解圈指标从福建传统红曲醋液体循环工艺样品中分离出7株产酸菌株。综合菌株形态、生理生化实验以及16S r DNA序列测定等信息,确定这7株菌株分类地位为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)α-变形菌纲(Alphaproteobacteria)红螺菌目(Rhodospirillales)醋酸菌科(Acetobacteraceae)葡糖酸醋杆菌属(Gluconacetobacter),其中菌株Y5052、Y5054、Y5072、Y5092鉴定为斯氏葡糖酸醋杆菌(Gluconacetobacter swingsii);菌株Y5032、Y5033、Y5071鉴定为欧洲葡糖酸醋杆菌(Gluconacetobacter europaeus)。测定这些菌株的产酸能力,菌株Y5052产酸量最低,7 d达15 g/L;菌株Y5054产酸能力最强,7 d产酸量达57.0 g/L。     

双歧番茄醋的实验研究

目的以番茄为主要原料,对双歧杆菌和醋酸杆菌共同发酵研制双歧番茄醋的工艺进行研究。方法通过正交试验筛选最适工艺。结果双歧番茄醋的最终醋酸度为27 g/L,含双歧杆菌总菌为1.9×1011CFU/mL,5 d内双歧杆菌活菌为5.5×107CFU/mL。双歧番茄醋棕黄色,光泽度好,有成熟番茄香味,入口酸甜适中。结论双歧杆菌与醋酸杆菌在可以番茄汁中共生,此方法制备双歧番茄醋可行。     

Environmentally sustainable pest control options for Drosophila suzukii

The spotted‐wing drosophila or cherry vinegar fly (Drosophila suzukii) is native to Asia but has invaded other continents since 2008 and has spread throughout Europe. The females have a serrated ovipositor allowing them to penetrate the skins of intact ripening fruits to deposit their eggs, and the developing larvae rapidly destroy the fruits close to harvest. Drosophila suzukii has a rapid life cycle and the larvae develop well beneath the fruit surface. This means that the use of pesticides is problematic and often not effective, first due to their restricted use close to harvest to protect consumers, and second because the larvae are deep enough inside the fruit to avoid contact. There are currently no effective and environmentally sustainable pest control methods for this species, resulting in extensive damage to fruit crops. Here, we review the current status of D. suzukii as a fruit crop pest and discuss the feasibility of current pesticide‐free control methods. We also consider the potential of new technologies as a basis for the urgently needed specific and long‐term control of this species.     

木醋液对鲜切麝香百合的保鲜效应

以木醋液为保鲜液,对鲜切麝香百合进行瓶插保鲜的结果表明：木醋液能增强麝香百合吸收保鲜液的能力,延长其盛花期和瓶插寿命,增强过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性,降低麝香百合瓶插期间的丙二醛（MDA）含量和过氧化物酶（POD）活性,延缓其衰老,其中以3．4g·L^-1木醋液对鲜切百合的保鲜效应最好。