Resource-related variables drive individual variation in flowering phenology and mediate population-level flowering responses to climate in an asynchronously reproducing palm

Many tropical plant species show wide intra-population variation in reproductive timing, resulting in the protracted presence of flowering and fruiting individuals. Various eco-evolutionary drivers have been proposed as ultimate causes for asynchronous phenology, yet little is known about the proximate factors that control reproductive onset among individuals or that influence the proportion of trees producing new inflorescences within a population. We employed a nine-year phenological record from 178 individuals of the hyperdominant, asynchronously flowering canopy palm, Oenocarpus bataua (Arecaceae)¸ to assess whether resource-related variables influence individual- and population-level flowering phenology. Among individuals, access to sunlight increased rates of inflorescence production, while the presence of resource sinks related to current investment in reproduction—developing infructescences—reduced the probability of producing new inflorescences. At the population level, climate anomalies induced by El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) affected the proportion of the population producing inflorescences through time. Moreover, the effects of ENSO anomalies on flowering patterns depended on the prevalence of developing infructescences in the population, with stronger effects in periods of low developing-infructescence frequency. Taken together, these results suggest that resource-related variables can drive phenological differences among individuals and mediate population-level responses to larger-scale variables, such as climate anomalies. Consequently, a greater focus on the role of resource levels as endogenous cues for reproduction might help explain the frequent aseasonal phenological patterns observed among tropical plants, particularly those showing high intra-population asynchrony.     

Estudio Fenológico de Cactíceas en el Enclave Seco de la Tatacoa,Colombia1

A one‐year phenological study of three columnar cacti, Stenocereus griseus (Haw.) Britton & Rose, Pilosocereus sp., Cereus hexagonus (L.) Mill., and a decumbent cactus Monvillea cf. smithiana (Britton & Rose) Backeberg., was carried out in the Andean arid region of La Tatacoa, Colombia. Pollinators and/or dispersers of the cacti species also were studied monthly, and fecal samples were collected for the identification of pollen and seeds. The flowering of all species was prolonged and showed bimodal, multimodal, or irregular patterns. Fruiting in all species also was prolonged and followed flowering with a lag of less than two months. Although there were no simple correlations between rainfall and flowering or fruiting, flower production during the dry season was higher for 5. griseus, while Pilosocereus sp. and C. hexagonus showed higher flower production during the wet season. Fruit production was also seasonal, with higher production during the wet season for 5. griseus and C. hexagonus. The patterns of flowering and fruiting in M. cf. smithiana showed no relationships with dry and wet seasons. The bats Glossophaga longirostris, Carollia perspicillata, Sturnira lilium, the birds Melanerpes rubricapillus (Picidae) and Mimus gilvus (Mimidae), and moths of the family Sphingidae, were identified as pollinators and/or fruit consumers of these cacti species.     

Novedades taxonómicas y un nuevo registro de Magnoliaceae para Colombia

Two new Colombian species of Magnolia from Antioquia are described and illustrated. Magnolia coronata can be distinguished by a ring of woolly, golden pubescence present in the youngest internodes of the branches. Magnolia jardinensis has numerous punctations on the outermost petals and a woolly, yellowish pubescence. Magnolia chimantensis, a species previously known only from the type locality in Chimantá, Venezuela, is reported for the first time from Santander, Colombia.

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Resumen  Se describen e ilustran dos especies colombianas de Magnolia, nuevas para la ciencia, provenientes del departamento de Antioquia. Magnolia coronata se distingue por un anillo de indumento lanoso dorado presente en el entrenudo más joven de las ramillas. Magnolia jardinensis se caracteriza por las numerosas puntuaciones presentes en los pétalos más externos y por la pubescencia lanosa y amarillenta. Se presentan los primeros registros para Colombia, en el departamento de Santander, de la especie Magnolia chimantensis, conocida hasta ahora solamente por la colección del tipo proveniente de Chimantá, en Venezuela.

     

Revisión taxonómica del complejo Bauhinia macranthera (Fabaceae: Caesalpinioideae: Cercideae), un grupo endémico del centro y noreste de México

Resumen  La presente revisión tuvo como objetivo la resolución del complejoBauhinia macranthera. Por medio de un estudio de morfología comparada que incluyó polen, se reconocen aBauhinia bartlettii, B. macranthera yB. ramosissima; se restableceB. retifolia y se propone aB. ramosissima var. uniflora, como nueva combinación.

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The purpose of this study was the resolution of theBauhinia macranthera complex using comparative morphology, including pollen.Bauhinia bartlettii, B. macranthera B. ramosissima, andB. retifolia are recognized, andB. ramosissima var. uniflora is proposed as a new combination.

     

Los domacios de Mortoniodendron (Malvaceae s.l.)

We describe the domatia of nine species of the genus Mortoniodendron, based on observations of cleared leaves and scanning electron micrographs. We recognize four kinds of domatia in Mortoniodendron species: cryptpocket, crypt, pocket and tufts of hairs, mostly associated with primary, secondary and tertiary veins. Mortoniodendron anisophyllum and M. costaricense have domatia up to the tertiary and quaternary veins. Moreover, domatia are absent in only two species, M. pentagonum and M. uxpanapense. Although there are reports on the occurrence of domatia in Malvaceae s.l., mainly in Brownlowioideae, Sterculioideae, and Tilioideae subfamilies, they are poorly described, and based on the different types of domatia found in Mortoniodendron we suggest reviewing other genera to better describe the diversity of domatia in Malvaceae s.l.

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Resumen  Se describen los domacios presentes en nueve especies del género Mortoniodendron utilizando la técnica de diafanización y el microscopio electrónico de barrido. En el género se observaron cuatro tipos de domacios: criptabolsa, cripta, bolsa y mechón de tricomas, la mayoría asociados a las venas primaria, secundarias y terciarias. Mortoniodendron anisophyllum y M. costaricense tienen domacios hasta las bifurcaciones de venas terciarias y cuaternarias. únicamente en dos especies, M. pentagonum y M. uxpanapense, los domacios están ausentes. A pesar de que se han registrado domacios en miembros de Malvaceae s.l., predominantemente en las subfamilias Brownlowioideae, Sterculioideae y Tilioideae; pocas veces se describe su tipo. Por ello, con base en los diferentes tipos de domacios encontrados en Mortoniodendron sugerimos estudiar otros géneros y confirmar la diversidad en Malvaceae s.l.

     

Una nueva especie de <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tibouchina</Emphasis> (Melastomataceae) del Sur de México

Tibouchina sericea, a new species of Melastomataceae from isolated pine forests of southern Mexico, is described and illustrated. This species resembles the rare T. nanifolia in the short and open pubescence of the stem, and the yellow subisomorphic anthers, but differs in the bullate leaves and the bulla-based hypanthial hairs.

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Resumen  Se describe Tibouchina sericea, una nueva especie de Melastomataceae que se encuentra en localidades aisladas con bosques de Pinus del sur de México. Esta especie se asemeja a T. nanifolia, una especie rara, en la pubescencia corta y abierta del tallo y las anteras amarillas subisomórficas, pero difiere en las hojas abolladas y en los pelos del hipantio con la base globosa.

     

Una nueva especie de Hypenia (Lamiaceae) de México

Hypenia violacea (Lamiaceae), a new species from Guerrero, Mexico, is described and illustrated. This species is characterized by glabrescent, coriaceous leaves, lax thyrsoid inflorescences with pedunculate and umbelliform cymules that have 3–6 violet flowers with corollas 0.8–1.6 cm long. The species is referred to the Southern American genus Hypenia.

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Resumen  Se describe e ilustra Hypenia violacea (Lamiaceae), una especie nueva de Guerrero, México. Presenta hojas coriáceas, glabrescentes, inflorescencia tirsoide, laxa, con címulas umbeliformes, pedunculadas, con 3–6 flores por címula, flores de color violeta, de 0.8–1.6 cm largo. Las características observadas corresponden, en su mayoría, a Hypenia, un género de distribución sudamericana, por lo que se incluye en el mismo.

     

Una nueva especie de <Emphasis Type="Italic">Miconia</Emphasis> (Melastomataceae: Miconieae) de Colombia

Miconia punctibullata, a new species of Melastomataceae from Colombia, is described and illustrated. The new species can be distinguished by its scandent herbaceous habit, stems and inflorescences with swollen annular projections below the nodes, punctations with sessile, glandular trichomes on the abaxial surface of the leaf, compound dichasial inflorescences, and bright yellow petals. A key to all species of Miconia with annular stem projections is provided.

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Resumen  Se describe e ilustra Miconia punctibullata, una nueva especie colombiana de Melastomataceae, caracterizada por el hábito herbáceo semiescandente, la presencia de proyecciones anulares engrosadas por debajo de los nudos (manicaduras) en tallos y ejes de la inflorescencia, punteaduras con tricomas glandulares sésiles por el envés de la lámina foliar, inflorescencias en dicasio compuesto, y pétalos amarillos. Se incluye una clave para todas las especies de Miconia con nudos manicados.

     

Una especie nueva de <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lepechinia</Emphasis> sección <Emphasis Type="Italic">Glomeratae</Emphasis> (Lamiaceae) de México

During the study of the Lamiaceae from Guerrero, Mexico, specimens of Lepechinia sect. Glomeratae were found, similar to L. glomerata, but different in having larger flowers that are orange at the base and red at the apex, with a tubular corolla that is invaginated at the base, and widely ovate bracts that are acuminate at the apex. The new species, Lepechinia flammea, is described and illustrated. A key to distinguish the species is included.

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Resumen  Durante el estudio de la familia Lamiaceae en el Guerrero, México, se encontraron algunos ejemplares de Lepechinia sección Glomeratae, cercanamente relacionados con L. glomerata, pero que difieren por presentar flores más grandes, anaranjadas en la base y rojas en el ápice, corola tubular, el tubo invaginado en la base y brácteas ampliamente ovadas, con el ápice acuminado. Se presenta una descripción de la nueva especie, Lepechinia flammea, así como ilustraciones y una clave para separar ambas especies.