多鳞铲颌鱼的生态适应性及地理分布成因的探讨

本文根据对多鳞铲颔鱼的分布、生物学特性及栖居河段的生态环境等所做的调查和研究,探讨了多鳞铲颌鱼的生态适应性及分布成因等问题。做为对北方寒冷气候的适应,多鳞铲颌鱼有蛰伏泉穴越冬的习性,越冬期近6个月;推测多鳞铲颌鱼是由原始鲃类演化来的,形成于更新世早期;现代分布状况可能是受第四纪冰期的影响而造成的。     

Novel terpenoids from Calocedrus macrolepis var. formosana

Calocetriol ( 1 ), diacetylcalocediol ( 2 ), and ferrugimenthenol ( 3 ) were isolated from the bark of Calocedrus macrolepis var. formosana. Among them, 1 and 2 are secoabietane‐type diterpenoids, and 3 , with a novel C₂₀ C₁₀ skeleton, is classified as a meroterpenoid. The structures of 1 – 3 were elucidated by spectroscopic analyses, and their biological activities were also evaluated. Compound 3 exhibited significant cytotoxic activity against human oral epidermoid carcinoma KB cells with an IC₅₀ value of 9.0±0.1 μM .     

濒危鱼类稀有白甲鱼外周血细胞特征

为了研究濒危鱼类稀有白甲鱼（Onychostoma rara）外周血细胞的特征,以采自长江中游沅江水系清水江共计21尾稀有白甲鱼的血液为材料,采用常规方法对稀有白甲鱼外周血细胞的组成、形态、大小和数量进行了观测。结果显示,稀有白甲鱼红细胞数量为（1.75±0.44）×106 个/ L,白细胞数量为（4.91±1.95）×105 个/ L。在血涂片上共计观察到了5种白细胞,包括淋巴细胞、血栓细胞、单核细胞、嗜中性粒细胞和嗜酸性粒细胞,没有发现嗜碱性粒细胞。其5种白细胞数量比例差异较大,其数量比例关系为：淋巴细胞>血栓细胞>嗜中性粒细胞>单核细胞>嗜酸性粒细胞。这5种白细胞的大小也有所不同,其大小关系为：单核细胞>嗜中性粒细胞>嗜酸性粒细胞>淋巴细胞>血栓细胞。与已报道的鱼类相比,稀有白甲鱼白细胞的数量明显较高,红细胞数量较多、体积相对较小,可能与其适应流水生活相关。     

秦巴山区野生多鳞白甲鱼的营养成分分析与评价

选取不同体质量的秦巴山区野生多鳞白甲鱼(Onychostoma macrolepis)20尾,对其肌肉中的常规营养成分、氨基酸和脂肪酸以及微量元素硒的含量进行检测和分析,以期对多鳞白甲鱼的营养价值进行评估。研究结果显示:秦巴山区野生多鳞白甲鱼的粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量分别为17. 37%和1. 76%。谷氨酸含量最高,天冬氨酸和赖氨酸次之,蛋氨酸含量最低,鲜味氨基酸和必需氨基酸分别占氨基酸总量的38. 46%和37. 10%,氨基酸评价指数(EAAI)为77. 00%。野生多鳞白甲鱼二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)和二十碳五烯酸(EPA)的总量为6. 32%,饱和脂肪酸(SFA)和不饱和脂肪酸的比值约为1∶1。肌肉中硒的含量为(0. 058±0. 017)mg/kg。研究结果表明,秦巴山区野生多鳞白甲鱼的营养价值较高,硒含量适中,可以在当地进行进一步产业化开发和推广。     

Chromosome‐level genome assembly of a cyprinid fish Onychostoma macrolepis by integration of nanopore sequencing,Bionano and Hi‐C technology

Onychostoma macrolepis is an emerging commercial cyprinid fish species. It is a model system for studies of sexual dimorphism and genome evolution. Here, we report the chromosome‐level assembly of the O.macrolepis genome obtained from the integration of nanopore long‐read sequencing with physical maps produced using Bionano and Hi‐C technology. A total of 87.9 Gb of nanopore sequence provided approximately 100‐fold coverage of the genome. The preliminary genome assembly was 883.2 Mb in size with a contig N50 size of 11.2 Mb. The 969 corrected contigs obtained from Bionano optical mapping were assembled into 853 scaffolds and produced an assembly of 886.5 Mb with a scaffold N50 of 16.5 Mb. Finally, using the Hi‐C data, 881.3 Mb (99.4% of genome) in 526 scaffolds were anchored and oriented in 25 chromosomes ranging in size from 25.27 to 56.49 Mb. In total, 24,770 protein‐coding genes were predicted in the genome, and ~96.85% of the genes were functionally annotated. The annotated assembly contains 93.3% complete genes from the BUSCO reference set. In addition, we identified 409 Mb (46.23% of the genome) of repetitive sequence, and 11,213 non‐coding RNAs, in the genome. Evolutionary analysis revealed that O. macrolepis diverged from common carp approximately 24.25 million years ago. The chromosomes of O. macrolepis showed an unambiguous correspondence to the chromosomes of zebrafish. The high‐quality genome assembled in this work provides a valuable genomic resource for further biological and evolutionary studies of O. macrolepis.     

Plectorhinchus macrolepis (Actinopterygii: Haemulidae) in the western Atlantic Ocean

Morphometric measurements, meristic counts and DNA barcoding identified the presence of a biglip grunt Plectorhinchus macrolepis in the western Atlantic Ocean. As the species is endemic to the tropical eastern Atlantic Ocean and has not previously been reported in the western Atlantic Ocean, we discuss the possible means by which it might have dispersed to the western Atlantic Ocean. Even though this species is not considered established in Paranaguá Bay, we advocate monitoring of possible new individuals and other exotic fish species.     

木论喀斯特林区翠柏群落学特征的初步研究

广西木论喀斯特林区,位于我国中亚热带南缘。据６００ｍ２翠柏群落样方调查结果：有维管束植物７６种,隶５１科６９属,其中单种的属占８９．９％。植物区系以热带分布区类型为主,占总属数（不含世界分布）的７１．０％,温带分布占２５．８％,但群落的种类组成是以亚热带成分占优势,按Ｒａｒｎｋｉａｅｒ生活型分类系统,高位芽植物占８２．９％,地面芽植物占１５．８％,一年生植物占１．３％,缺少地上芽和地下芽植物;从生理角度分析,叶级以小型叶（包括微型和鳞型叶）为主,占５９．２％;叶型以单叶占的比例最大,为８６．８％,群落结构可分为乔、灌、草三层,其中乔木层又可分出二个亚层。对该群落各乔木种群的大小结构分析,显示出翠柏群落是相对稳定性较大的群落。     

小口白甲鱼都柳江种群mtDNA D环的序列变异及遗传多样性

采用PCR结合DNA测序技术,测定分析了易危鱼类小口白甲鱼(Onychostoma lini)都柳江种群36个个体mtDNA D环约470bp序列的变异及遗传多样性。结果表明,在36个个体中,该序列的长度为469～475bp,其碱基组成为A+T的平均含量(68.4%)高于G+C(31.6%)。共检测到25个多态位点,其中转换19个、颠换6个。核苷酸多样性(π)为0.00575,平均核苷酸差异数(K)为2.695。36个个体分属5个单倍型,单倍型多样度(Hd)为0.260,单倍型间的平均遗传距离(P)为0.026。5个单倍型构建的UPGMA系统树聚为2个分支。目前小口白甲鱼都柳江种群mtDNA D环序列存在着较丰富的变异和遗传多样性。