懒猴属的核糖体DNA变异及其种间分化关系

用１５种限制性内切酶和人２８Ｓ、１８ＳｒＤＮＡ探针构建了懒猴属各物种核糖体ＤＮＡ重复单位的限制性内切酶图谱。在进化速率较高的非转录间隔区,在大、中、小懒猴中分别定位了２３、２４、２４个酶切位点。大懒猴与中懒猴有１２个位点不同,与小懒猴有１４个位点不同,而中、小懒猴间则只有一个位点的差异。经过计算,大懒猴与中懒猴的遗传距离值为１２．６５％,与小懒猴的差异为１４．２４％,中、小懒猴间的差异则仅为０．７     

恒河猴、懒猴和树鼩的短时空间记忆功能与前额叶背侧部进化水平的相关性(英文)

本文研究探讨了进化地位不同的三种动物的短时空间记忆功能及其与前额叶背侧部进化水平的相关性。结果表明,在延缓反应作业中,经1000次训练后,7只恒河猴对空间位置的记忆时间平均为7.7±3.2min,懒猴为3.8±0.44min,而树鼩即使在延缓时间几乎为零秒的延缓反应中,其正确反应率也未达到90％标准。一种延缓时间仅测试一个单元,即不经训练的实验表明,恒河猴在延缓期为“0”—5min的各测试单元中,正确反应率稳定在80％以上;懒猴在延缓时间为“0”—4min的各测试单元中,平均正确反应率与恒河猴无明显差异,而当延缓时间增加到5min时,在延缓反应作业中取得的成绩显著下降;树鼩在延缓时间为1—5min的作业中取得的正确反应率在70％以下。3种动物在视觉辨别学习作业中却无明显差异。形态学研究表明,灵长类大脑前额叶的面积和结构的复杂性在进化过程中逐渐增大,如恒河猴大脑前额叶的表面积占大脑半球表面积的11.5％(Brodmann,1929),其内颗粒层发达,背侧部明显凸起,主沟区发达;懒猴的前额叶表面积占其大脑半球表面积的8.3％,背侧部凸起不显著,主沟未形成,额极内颗粒层分化明显,背侧部的内颗粒层较内侧部的发达程度差(Sanides,1967);树鼩的前额叶表面积占7.5％,额极的内颗粒层分化不明显,为非颗粒化区,此区之后为颗粒区     

笼养间蜂猴的繁殖

1989年至今,对15只（10,5）成年间蜂猴在人工饲养条件下的繁殖进行观察,结果为：1．间蜂猴的繁殖有明显的季节性;2．发情周期为49．67d(SD=1.25),在此期间,雌性外生殖器红肿,变大;雄性阴囊胀大;3．交配以背腹相贴为主;4．怀孕期为188d;5．哺乳期为108d(SD=4.12);6．均为一胎二仔。     

Mitochondrial degeneration after organic phosphate poisoning in prosimian primates

Summary The degenerative reaction of mitochondria to tricresylphosphate (TCP) poisoning in spinal ganglion cells of Slow Loris (Nycticebus coucang coucang) were studied with the electron microscope. In neurones of animals treated with TCP, mitochondria display various stages of alterations which confirm mitochondrial involvement in TCP poisoning. The role of degenerated mitochondria in the formation of neuronal lipofuscin is discussed. It is suggested that the lipofuscin granule is a metabolic product inherently related to mitochondrial degeneration, irrespective of the primary cause: ageing or intoxication.Fellow of the Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst on study leave from the Medical Faculty, University of SingaporeA grant from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Gl. 28/20) is gratefully acknowledgedThe skilfull technical assistance of Mr. Tajuddin b.M. Ali, Mr. P. Gopal, Mr. R. Dungan and Mrs. C. Weinrichter is gratefully acknowledged     

倭蜂猴粪便微生物苯酚羟化酶和邻苯二酚1,2-双加氧酶基因多样性研究

【目的】分析倭蜂猴粪便微生物中苯酚羟化酶(Phenol hydroxylase,PH)和邻苯二酚1,2-双加氧酶(Catechol 1,2-dioxygenase,C12O)的基因多样性。【方法】利用简并引物,以倭蜂猴粪便微生物宏基因组DNA为模板,通过PCR扩增,分别构建PH和C12O基因克隆文库,并对克隆进行测序分析。【结果】倭蜂猴粪便微生物来源的PH和C12O基因序列经BLAST比对分析,与GenBank中相应酶的序列一致性分别介于92%?100%和87%?100%。系统进化树分析表明PH基因序列与Neisseria、Burkholderia、Alcaligenes、Acinetobacter 4个属来源的PH序列相关;C12O基因序列全部与Acinetobacter来源的C12O序列相关。序列比对结果表明PH序列具有LmPH (Largest subunit of multicomponent PH)中高保守的两个DEXRH结构域;C12O序列具有能被Ag+和Hg2+抑制的位点(半胱氨酸)。【结论】倭蜂猴粪便微生物来源的PH为多组分PH,其降解苯酚的中间产物邻苯二酚可以被C12O通过邻位开环途径裂解。     

蜂猴属（Nycticebus）D-loop控制区和Cyt b基因遗传学研究

测定了蜂猴属线粒体DNA中的D-loop控制区部分序列和细胞色素b基因全序列（1140 bp）,对其变异情况进行了分析,并采用Mega 4.0软件中构建了分子系统树。无论是基于D-loop控制区部分序列构建的系统树,还是基于细胞色素b基因序列构建的分子系统树的拓扑结构图,都清晰地表明蜂猴属由两个分支组成,分支置信度较高,一支由N．pygmaeus聚成,另一支由N．coucang聚成,即支持蜂猴属由N．coucang和N．pygmaeus两物种组成。     

Social Dependence of Infant Slow Lorises to Learn Diet

Nocturnal lorises and pottos (Lorisinae) are among the least gregarious of primates. Mothers start to leave their infants alone during the night as early as the day of birth. However, captive studies also indicate that weaning young lorisines closely follow their mothers nearly all the time and obtain their first solid food via scrounging. Accordingly, it has been suggested that young lorisines depend on their mothers to obtain dietary information and to achieve dietary independence by watching their mothers feeding or interacting directly with their mothers over food. We tested for a social dependence on dietary learning by infants in a social network of wild slow lorises (Nycticebus coucang). The social network included one male infant, his mother, and two subadult females. The infant only took to mouth food items that were also part of the females' diet and showed concordance in the frequency of use of food patches with the females. These results contradict dietary learning by trial and error. They indicate that dietary learning by infants depends on information obtained from older conspecifics. However, the infant was never involved in direct interactions with conspecifics over food and fed mostly alone. He was not within a distance where he could see the females feeding more often than expected from the configuration and utilization of home ranges. The infant never looked at conspecifics feeding in his vicinity, which suggests that visual observation or direct interaction over food may not be the mechanisms by which information about food resources is passed from older individuals to young, but that other ways of obtaining such information are used.     

Meat-eating by adult female Sumatran orangutans (Pongo pygmæus abelii)

Information about meat-eating behavior by wild orangutans (Pongo pygmæus) is scant. The first article about such a case dates from 1981. Since 1989, seven incidents of adult female Sumatran orangutans eating slow lorises (Nycticebus coucang) have been witnessed. Three females from two study sites were involved. In three cases the females were seen catching the prey. There are too few cases to conclude whether this behavior is typically female. Am. J. Primatol. 43:159–165, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Locomotor energetics in primates: gait mechanics and their relationship to the energetics of vertical and horizontal locomotion

All primates regularly move within three-dimensional arboreal environments and must often climb, but little is known about the energetic costs of this critical activity. Limited previous work on the energetics of incline locomotion suggests that there may be differential selective pressures for large compared to small primates in choosing to exploit a complex arboreal environment. Necessary metabolic and gait data have never been collected to examine this possibility and biomechanical mechanisms that might explain size-based differences in the cost of arboreal movement. Energetics and kinematics were collected for five species of primate during climbing and horizontal locomotion. Subjects moved on a treadmill with a narrow vertical substrate and one with a narrow horizontal substrate at their maximum sustainable speed for 10–20 min while oxygen consumption was monitored. Data during climbing were compared to those during horizontal locomotion and across size. Results show that climbing energetic costs were similar to horizontal costs for small primates (<0.5 kg) but were nearly double for larger species. Spatio-temporal gait characteristics suggest that the relationship between the cost of locomotion and the rate of force production changes between the two locomotor modes. Thus, the main determinants of climbing costs are fundamentally different from those during horizontal locomotion. These new results combining spatiotemporal and energetic data confirm and expand on our previous argument (Hanna et al.: Science 320 (2008) 898) that similar costs of horizontal and vertical locomotion in small primates facilitated the successful occupation of a fine-branch arboreal milieu by the earliest primates.