金钱松（属）的细胞分类学研究

我国特有植物金钱松Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｌａｒｉｘａｍａｂｉｌｌｓ的体细胞染色体数目为２ｎ＝４４,不同于ｎ＝１２（Ｍｉｙａｋｅ＆Ｙａｓｕｉ,１９１１）和２ｎ＝２４（Ｄｕｎｉｅｕ－Ｖａｂｒｅ,１９６１）的结果。核型公式为Ｋ（２ｎ）＝４４＝４ｓｍ＋４０ｔ）４ＳＣ）属３Ｂ类型,与Ｋ（ｎ）＝２２＝２ｍ＋２０ｔ（Ｓａｘ＆Ｓａｘ,１９３３）和Ｋ（２ｎ）＝４４＝４ｓｍ＋４０ｔ（Ｈｉｚｕｍｅ１９８８）有差异。染色体相对长度组成为＝４４＝４Ｌ＋１２Ｍ＿２＋２６Ｍ＿１＋２Ｓ。金钦松（属）不仅在染色体数目（２ｎ＝４４）和核型（具２０对端着丝粒染色体）而且它的一些形态、解剖学和植化性状与所有松科其它各属不同。另外,它的一系列形态、解剖、孢粉、生化、植化和古植物学特征显然表明把该属与落叶松属、雪松属一起组成落叶松亚科是不适宜的。因此似乎有理由把金钱松从该亚科分出并建立一个单型的金钱松新亚科。本文还对金钱松（属）核型可能由近缘的铁杉属起源和进化而来作了讨论。     

Visual performance impaired by elevated sedimentary and algal turbidity in walleye Sander vitreus and emerald shiner Notropis atherinoides

The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of different forms of elevated turbidity on the visual acuity of two native Lake Erie fishes and to assess the response of fishes from different trophic levels to elevated turbidity. Additionally, the role of visual morphology (e.g., eye and optic lobe size) on visual acuity was evaluated across visual environments. Reaction distance, a behavioural proxy for measures of visual acuity, was measured for a top predator, walleye Sander vitreus and a forage fish, emerald shiner Notropis atherinoides. In both S. vitreus (n = 27) and N. atherinoides (n = 40) reaction distance across all types of turbidity (sedimentary, algal, sedimentary + algal; 20 NTU) was approximately 50% lower relative to the clear treatment. Reaction distance was further reduced in algal compared with sedimentary turbidity for wild-caught S. vitreus. Eye and brain morphology also influenced reaction distance across turbidity treatments, such that larger relative eye and brain metrics were positively correlated with reaction distance. This study provides evidence for disrupted visual acuity as a potential mechanism underlying fish responses, such as decreased foraging efficiency, to increased turbidity and further indicates that algal turbidity will probably be more detrimental to visual processes than sedimentary turbidity. With the increasing occurrence and severity of harmful algal blooms due to cultural eutrophication globally, this could have significant implications for predator–prey relationships in aquatic systems.     

金钱松群落优势种群种间联结及群落稳定性研究

种间联结反映了植物群落中的种间关系和群落稳定程度,对群落恢复和目标物种的保护具有重要意义.为了解金钱松群落的种间关系及群落稳定性,采用方差比率法(VR)、x2检验、联结系数(AC)、共同出现百分率(PC)、Pearson相关系数、Spearman秩相关系数以及M.Godron稳定性测定等数量分析方法,对浙江长兴金钱松群...     

稀有花卉植物猬实在华山地区的种群繁育和分布特征

通过对稀有花卉植物猬实在华山地区的种群分布特征研究,对其植物群落物种的种类组成、区系特征及其目前猬实的分布进行了调查与研究,分析了猬实的逐渐濒危的原因。结果表明,猬实分布区植物群落区系属于北温带性质;猬实在华山从低海拔到高海拔地区均有分布,但个体数日少,呈明显的斑块状分布;在小范围内的兜隆繁殖使得其后代生存力下降,在群落中缺乏竞争能力;再加上猬实生存的环境已受到严重的破环,使得其处于濒危状况,因此,我们要加强对其环境的保护。     

扦插时间对蝟实插穗生根率和相关指标的影响及生根效应综合评价

在3月5日至9月5日期间,以蝟实( Kolkwitzia amabilis Graebn.)顶端枝条作为插穗,每隔10 d扦插1次,对扦插10 d后插穗的生根率,内源吲哚乙酸( IAA)、脱落酸( ABA)和赤霉素( GA3)含量,超氧化物歧化酶( SOD)、过氧化物酶( POD)和过氧化氢酶( CAT)活性以及可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质含量进行比较,对生根率与上述8项指标进行相关性分析和回归分析,并对这8项指标进行主成分分析;在此基础上,对不同扦插时间插穗的生根效应进行隶属函数值分析和综合评价。结果显示：随扦插时间推移,蝟实插穗的生根率总体上呈现先升高后降低的变化趋势,5月下旬至7月中旬期间扦插的插穗生根率相对较高,并以6月中旬至7月中旬期间扦插的插穗为最高,总体在70%以上。随扦插时间推移,插穗中IAA和可溶性糖含量均呈波动变化趋势;而插穗中的ABA含量、POD活性和可溶性蛋白质含量总体呈先逐渐升高后逐渐降低的趋势,GA3含量和CAT活性变化不明显,SOD活性总体上呈缓慢升高的趋势。相关性分析结果表明：蝟实插穗的生根率与IAA含量、POD活性和可溶性蛋白质含量呈极显著(P<0.01)正相关,与CAT活性呈极显著负相关。主成分分析结果显示：前2个主成分的累计贡献率为84.383%,说明前2个主成分能够基本反映蝟实扦插生根的主要影响因子,其中第1主成分中可溶性蛋白质和IAA含量为主要因子,第2主成分中CAT活性为主要因子。综合评价结果显示：5月下旬至7月中旬期间扦插的蝟实插穗的综合评价指数(D)较高,为0.747~0.983,与插穗生根率的实测值基本吻合。研究结果表明：在中国西北地区,蝟实插穗的适宜扦插时间为5月下旬至7月中旬,并以6月中旬至7月中旬为最佳;扦插过程中喷施适当浓度IAA溶液可以提高插穗的生根率。     

Potential impacts of climate change on the distributions of several common and rare freshwater fishes in Canada

Climate change will ultimately affect the supply and quality of freshwater lakes and rivers throughout the world. This study examines the potential impacts of climate change on freshwater fish distributions in Canada. Climate normals data (means from 1961 to 1990) from Environment Canada were used to map current climate found throughout the tertiary watersheds of Canada. Logistic regressions based on these climate data were used to develop predictive presence‐absence equations for (a) common commercially and recreationally important species and (b) an Arctic freshwater species and a freshwater fish species of conservation significance listed by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife (COSEWIC). The Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis Global Coupled Model 2(IS92a) provided forecasts of Canada's climate in 2020 and 2050. The data from this scenario and the logistic regressions provided a ready framework for predicting the potential distributions of the fishes. Physical and ecological barriers would have to be overcome for the distribution of these species to actually change in response to climate change. Generally, coldwater species may be extirpated from much of their present range while cool and warm‐water species may expand northward. Species that are limited to the most southern regions of the country may expand northwards. A conceptual framework for assessing potential climate change impacts on fishes and the variety of management strategies required to deal with these impacts are discussed. Our forecasts demonstrate the need for climate change assessments in species at risk as well as for common species.     

Effects of microsite conditions on seedling establishment on the foreland of Coleman Glacier,Washington

Abstract. Questions: How do physical microsite conditions of microsites affect germination and seedling survival in different successional stages? Do different species germinate in similar microsites in a given successional stage? Location: Coleman Glacier foreland, Mount Baker, Washington State, USA. Methods: Two methods were used to characterize safe sites. 1. Grids of 300 10 cm × 10 cm plots were located in four different age classes on the foreland. 2.105 pairs of plots, with and without seedlings of Abies amabilis, were located in each age class. For each plot we identified all seedlings and all individuals < 1 m tall. Microsite characteristics such as topography and presence of rocks or woody debris were noted for each plot. Microsite characteristics were compared between plots with and without each species. In addition we examined the effect of distance from seed sources on the presence of Alnus viridis seeds and seedlings in a newly disturbed area. Results: In early successional sites, seedlings of several species were positively associated with depressions and presence of rocks, and negatively associated with ridges. Patterns were generally consistent among species. In later succession, seedlings were not significantly associated with any microsite characteristics. For Alnus viridis, seed density decreased with distance from seed sources but seedling density did not. Conclusions: Because of harsh conditions in early succession, physical microsites are important, and most species have similar microsite requirements. In later succession, physical microsites characteristics are not as important and are more variable. Microsites appear to be more important than seed rain in controlling the distribution of Alnus viridis in early succession.     

花楸属一新种——天堂花楸

本新种与黄山花楸(Sorbus amabilis Cheng ex Yü)近缘,区别在于前者羽状小叶6～7对,边缘圆钝锯齿,托叶宽披针形,花部雄蕊20枚,10长,10短,复伞房果序排列紧密,果多达160～195粒。     

外源茉莉酸甲酯对非生物胁迫下蝴蝶兰幼苗叶绿素荧光和抗氧化指标的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了外源茉莉酸甲酯（MeJA）处理对低温、干旱和极端高温胁迫下蝴蝶兰幼苗叶绿素荧光参数和抗氧化指标的影响。结果表明,较高浓度的MeJA（150和200μmol·L-1）提高了非生物胁迫下蝴蝶兰幼苗叶片最大光化学效率（Fv/Fm）和实际光化学效率（ΦPSII）,降低了叶片相对电导率,还使得超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）和过氧化物酶（POD）活性升高,丙二醛（MDA）含量降低。表明MeJA作为一种生物调节剂,一定浓度的处理对蝴蝶兰幼苗抗逆性的提高具有明显效果。     

Backcasting the decline of a vulnerable Great Plains reproductive ecotype: identifying threats and conservation priorities

Conservation efforts for threatened or endangered species are challenging because the multi‐scale factors that relate to their decline or inhibit their recovery are often unknown. To further exacerbate matters, the perceptions associated with the mechanisms of species decline are often viewed myopically rather than across the entire species range. We used over 80 years of fish presence data collected from the Great Plains and associated ecoregions of the United States, to investigate the relative influence of changing environmental factors on the historic and current truncated distributions of the Arkansas River shiner Notropis girardi. Arkansas River shiner represent a threatened reproductive ecotype considered especially well adapted to the harsh environmental extremes of the Great Plains. Historic (n = 163 records) and current (n = 47 records) species distribution models were constructed using a vector‐based approach in MaxEnt by splitting the available data at a time when Arkansas River shiner dramatically declined. Discharge and stream order were significant predictors in both models; however, the shape of the relationship between the predictors and species presence varied between time periods. Drift distance (river fragment length available for ichthyoplankton downstream drift before meeting a barrier) was a more important predictor in the current model and indicated river segments 375–780 km had the highest probability of species presence. Performance for the historic and current models was high (area under the curve; AUC > 0.95); however, forecasting and backcasting to alternative time periods suggested less predictive power. Our results identify fragments that could be considered refuges for endemic plains fish species and we highlight significant environmental factors (e.g., discharge) that could be manipulated to aid recovery.