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1.
The main food items of postsmolt Atlantic salmon caught in the Norwegian sea during summer 1991 were Parathemisto spp. and herring ( Chipca harengus ). The most prevalent parasite species were Chloromyxion sp., Apatemon sp., H. adunction, A simplex and I. salmonis . 相似文献
2.
The aim of this study was to identify groups of travel mode users, based on objective risk estimates, and examine overall differences in demographic characteristics, perceived risk, worry, perceived control when using travel modes, trust in authorities, and safety motivation. The results were based on a self-completion questionnaire survey about risk perception and travel mode use in a representative sample of the Norwegian public (n = 1864). In addition, aggregate-level data on accidents in transport were used to establish the “objective risk” for various travel modes. The respondents were split into two clusters. The first cluster was characterized by a relatively greater objective risk for accidents related to public travel modes as well as related to being a pedestrian, while the second cluster was characterized by a higher risk level related to motorized private modes of transportation. There was a significant overall difference in the risk estimates among the members of the two clusters. There was also an overall difference in risk perception and other risk-related judgments due to which risk estimate-based cluster the respondents belonged. Associations between objective risk estimates, perceived risk, and worry are discussed in relation to cluster differences in objective risk. 相似文献
3.
Kirkland RM Patterson DC Keady TW Moss BW Steen RW 《Animal : an international journal of animal bioscience》2007,1(10):1506-1514
There is a paucity of data on the beef production potential of Norwegian Red (NOR) compared with 'modern' Holstein-Friesian (HF) cattle. The present study used a total of 64 bulls in a 2 × 2 factorial design study encompassing two breeds (HF and NOR) and two slaughter ages (485; E, and 610; L, days). The mean initial age and live weight of the HF bulls were 179 (s.d. 47.1) days and 203 (s.d. 64.0) kg, while the corresponding data for the NOR bulls were 176 (s.d. 39.7) days and 185 (s.d. 63.6) kg, respectively. Bulls were offered a 50 : 50 mixture (dry matter (DM) basis) of grass silage and concentrates. No breed × slaughter group interactions were recorded for any parameters evaluated (P > 0.05). HF bulls had higher (P < 0.001) DM intake and poorer (P < 0.01) efficiency of conversion of food to carcass gain than NOR bulls. HF bulls tended (P = 0.07) to have a higher rate of live-weight gain and were heavier (P < 0.001) at slaughter than NOR bulls, though both carcass weight and rate of carcass gain did not differ between the breeds (P > 0.05). NOR bulls had higher (P < 0.001) dressing proportion and carcass conformation score than HF bulls, while breed of bull had no influence (P > 0.05) on carcass fat classification, depth of subcutaneous fat, marbling score or on the weight of fat in the internal depots. Daily food intakes did not differ (P > 0.05) across the two slaughter age groups, though efficiency of conversion of food to carcass gain was poorer (P < 0.05) in the L compared with E bulls. Rate of live-weight gain was lower (P < 0.01) for L bulls, although rate of carcass gain did not differ (P > 0.05) between the E and L bulls. Increasing age at slaughter increased (P < 0.01 or greater) dressing proportion, carcass fat class, depth of subcutaneous fat, marbling score and internal fat depots, but had no effect (P > 0.05) on the carcass conformation score. Instrumental measures of meat quality indicated that meat from NOR bulls was tougher (P < 0.01) than meat from HF bulls, while delaying slaughter increased (P < 0.001) a* and C*ab, and decreased (P < 0.01) h0, indicating improved redness. It is concluded that NOR bulls have higher food efficiency and produce more highly conformed carcasses than HF bulls, but HF bulls produce more tender meat. 相似文献
4.
A Fusarium species with a micro morphology similar to F. poae and a metabolite profile resembling that of F. sporotrichioides has been identified. Like typical F. poae, the microconidia have a globose to pyriform shape, but the powdery appearance, especially on Czapek-Dox Iprodione Dichloran
agar (CZID), less aerial mycelium and the lack of fruity odour on Potato Sucrose Agar (PSA) make it different from F. poae. The lack of macroconidia, polyphialides and chlamydospores differentiates it from F. sporotrichioides. All 18 isolates investigated, 15 Norwegian, two Austrian and one Dutch, produced T-2 toxin (25–400 μg/g) on PSA or Yeast
Extract Sucrose agar (YES). In addition, neosolaniol, iso-neosolaniol, HT-2 toxin, 4- and 15-acetyl T-2 tetraol, T-2 triol
and T-2 tetraol and4,15-diacetoxyscirpenol were formed in variable amounts. Neither nivalenol, 4- or 15-acetylnivalenolor
4,15-diacetylnivalenol were detected in any of the cultures, while these toxins were produced at least in small amounts by
all the 12 typical F. poae isolates studied. The question of whether this Fusarium should be classified as F. poae or F. sporotrichioides or a separate taxon should be addressed.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
5.
To evaluate the dependence of the differentiation of the follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) on the presence of follicular B-cells, the FAE of ileal Peyers patch follicles was examined in B-cell-depleted fetal lambs. The FAE of these rudimentary follicles, which are devoid of lymphocytes, showed normal differentiation, including carbonic anhydrase reactivity and ultrastructural characteristics of transcytosis, extensive interdigitation of the lateral plasma membrane and the shedding of membrane-bounded particles, approximately 50 nm in size, resembling exosomes. These 50-nm membrane-bounded particles were abundant in the extracellular space of the epithelium and the dome but no particles were found in the rudimentary follicles. This study confirms that the rudimentary follicles consist of clusters of follicular dendritic cells. Our findings suggest that the differentiation of FAE of ileal Peyers patch and the production of the 50-nm particles constitute features that appear to be independent of B-cells. This study was supported in part by grants from the Norwegian Research Council 相似文献
6.
Environmental Impacts of Wild Caught Cod and Farmed Salmon - A Comparison with Chicken (7 pp) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Harald Ellingsen Svein Aanond Aanondsen 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2006,11(1):60-65
Goal, Scope and Background The objective of this study was to assess environmental impacts of Norwegian cod fishing and salmon farming and compare these
with chicken farming in order to find reference levels for environmental performance and identify problem areas and potentials
for improvements.
Methods A Life Cycle Screening following the production of 0.2 kg fillets as a functional unit through the respective food chains
is performed for all 3 products. The analysis is partly quantitative and qualitative focusing on energy use, antifouling and
land use impacts. Case studies are performed to investigate potentials for improvements within the fisheries and aquaculture
industry.
Results and Conclusions It can be concluded that the fishing phase for the cod and the feeding phase for both salmon and chicken dominate for all
environmental impacts considered. Chicken is most energy effective followed by salmon and cod, which are almost on the same
level. The area of sea floor affected by bottom trawling is around 100 times larger than the land area needed to produce the
chicken feed for production of the 0.2 kg fillet.
- The case studies show potentials for improvement of environmental performance, both for salmon farming and cod fishing, especially
when it comes to energy use. The environmental impacts on the sea floor imposed by bottom trawling are not fully explored,
but based on the precautionary principle a reasonable conclusion is that bottom trawls with less impact on the sea floor should
be developed.
Recommendation and Perspective LCA methods have initially been developed for land based industrial applications. More effort should be given to adapt these
to fishing applications in order to obtain more accurate assessment of environmental impacts from seafood products. It is
recommended to put more emphasis in finding improved indicators for impacts imposed by over-fishing, fuel emission from combustion
at sea, use of antifouling and seafloor ecosystem disturbance. 相似文献
7.
The effects of radiofrequency fields on human health are not well understood, and public concern about negative health effects has been rising. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between workers exposed to electromagnetic fields and their reproductive health. We obtained data using a questionnaire in a cross-sectional study of naval military men, response rate 63% (n = 1487). We asked the respondents about exposure, lifestyle, reproductive health, previous diseases, work and education. An expert group categorized the work categories related to electromagnetic field exposure. We categorized the work categories "tele/communication," "electronics" and "radar/sonar" as being exposed to electromagnetic fields. Logistic regression adjusted for age, ever smoked, military education, and physical exercise at work showed increased risk of infertility among tele/communication odds ratio (OR = 1.72, 95% confidence interval 1.04-2.85), and radar/sonar odds ratio (OR = 2.28, 95% confidence interval 1.27-4.09). The electronics group had no increased risk. This study shows a possible relationship between exposure to radiofrequency fields during work with radiofrequency equipment and radar and reduced fertility. However, the results must be interpreted with caution. 相似文献
8.
The Sula Reef Complex, Norwegian shelf 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
André Freiwald Veit Hühnerbach Bjørn Lindberg John Brodie Wilson John Campbell 《Facies》2002,47(1):179-200
Summary Cool-water carbonates in the aphotic zone of deep shelf and continental margin settings in the Northeast Atlantic are produced
by the deep-water coral reefs withLophelia pertusa as the major framework builder. Through a compilation of side scan sonar, airgun and manned submersible surveys from several
cruises to the mid-Norwegian Sula Reef Complex (SRC), the facies pattern and zonation of one of the largest deep-water reefs
in the Northeast Atlantic is described in relation to the overall seabed topography. The late glacial to early postglacial
iceberg scour on the crest and shoulder of the Sula Ridge provides settling ground for the scleractinian corals already in
the early Holocene. Since then coral growth continues until today but was supposed to be disturbed by an environmental hazard,
the so-called second Storegga event. The distinct distribution pattern of individualLophelia reefs on the Sula Ridge has stimulated a discussion on intrinsic environmental controls such as the bentho-pelagic coupling
and the alternative hydrocarbon-based nutrition hypothesis. 相似文献
9.
Over the past centuries the native caribou ofWest Greenland has gone through extensive population size fluctuations, with reductionsas great as 90% in less than 20 years.Norwegian semi-domestic reindeer wereintroduced to the Nuuk area in 1952 because ofthe small number of caribou in Greenland.Although the reindeer and caribou wereinitially kept separated, mixing has occurredsince the 1970's. We investigated the genotypicstructure of caribou and reindeer in South-westGreenland, using five polymorphicmicrosatellite markers isolated from cattle,sheep, goat and red deer. A total of ninetysamples were collected, which included samplesfrom caribou of four different regions andsamples from two different reindeer herds.Based on the genetic variation of the fivemarkers, our results shows that the caribou andthe reindeer populations in the six regionssampled are genetically differentiated withineach group and the two subspecies aredifferentiated from each other. A likelyexplanation for the genetic isolation of thepopulations investigated is that naturalbarriers (glaciers and wide fjords) exists inthe area. Furthermore we found that introducedNorwegian domestic reindeer hybridized with thenative Greenlandic caribou in two areasneighbouring Nuuk. 相似文献
10.
Investigating Cross‐Sectoral Synergies through Integrated Aquaculture,Fisheries, and Agriculture Phosphorus Assessments: A Case Study of Norway 下载免费PDF全文
Helen A. Hamilton Eva Brod Ola S. Hanserud Erik O. Gracey Magnus I. Vestrum Anne Bøen Franciska S. Steinhoff Daniel B. Müller Helge Brattebø 《Journal of Industrial Ecology》2016,20(4):867-881
Future phosphorus (P) scarcity and eutrophication risks demonstrate the need for systems‐wide P assessments. Despite the projected drastic increase in world‐wide fish production, P studies have yet to include the aquaculture and fisheries sectors, thus eliminating the possibility of assessing their relative importance and identifying opportunities for recycling. Using Norway as a case, this study presents the results of a current‐status integrated fisheries, aquaculture, and agriculture P flow analysis and identifies current sectoral linkages as well as potential cross‐sectoral synergies where P use can be optimized. A scenario was developed to shed light on how the projected 2050 fivefold Norwegian aquaculture growth will likely affect P demand and secondary P resources. The results indicate that, contrary to most other countries where agriculture dominates, in Norway, aquaculture and agriculture drive P consumption and losses at similar levels and secondary P recycling, both intra‐ and cross‐sectorally, is far from optimized. The scenario results suggest that the projected aquaculture growth will make the Norwegian aquaculture sector approximately 4 times as P intensive as compared to agriculture, in terms of both imported P and losses. This will create not only future environmental challenges, but also opportunities for cross‐sectoral P recycling that could help alleviate the mineral P demands of agriculture. Near‐term policy measures should focus on utilizing domestic fish scrap for animal husbandry and/or fish feed production. Long‐term efforts should focus on improving technology and environmental systems analysis methods to enable P recovery from aquaculture production and manure distribution in animal husbandry. 相似文献