覆盖旱作方式和施氮水平对稻-麦轮作体系生产力和氮素利用的影响

在成都平原通过 3a的田间试验研究了水稻覆盖 (地膜和麦秸 )旱作和施氮水平对稻麦轮作体系生产力和氮素利用的影响。结果表明 :在施氮量为水稻季 15 0 kg/hm2 ,小麦季 12 0 kg/hm2 的条件下 ,覆盖旱作和传统淹水体系均能达到较高的产量水平。再增加施氮量对产量的影响不大 ,但使氮盈余急剧增加。不施氮或低量施氮会造成作物产量的显著下降和土壤氮素亏缺。水稻覆膜旱作对稻麦轮作的系统生产力 (水稻 小麦 )没有显著影响 ;但水稻覆麦秸旱作条件下系统的生产力有降低的趋势 ,主要由于水稻覆麦秸旱作条件下 ,水稻产量下降 ,而麦秸覆盖在小麦季的后效作用不足以弥补水稻产量的下降程度。水稻、小麦的氮素吸收表现出与作物产量类似的规律。水稻季土壤很难累积无机氮 ,而且与施肥和覆盖旱作与否没有关系。小麦季土壤中积累了较多的无机氮 ,而且随施氮水平的增加而明显增加     

包膜尿素在华北平原夏玉米上的应用

通过连续2a的大田试验,比较研究了尿素与包膜尿素对夏播玉米郑单958和农大108产量、水分利用效率（WUE）、氮肥利用率（NUE）与土壤无机氮动态的影响,结果表明：产量与WUE随施氮量增大而增大,两种氮肥间差异不显著;包膜尿素NUE较尿素高,2004年郑单958N90kg／hm^2与农大108N180ks／hm^2条件下提高显著;施氮对土壤无机氮动态的影响具有年际间差异：2004年不施氮条件下一般呈“V”型变化趋势,施氮使其向“N”型或倒“V”型转变,而2005年施氮与不施氮条件下均呈“N”型变化趋势;施氮使土壤无机氮含量明显提高,包膜尿素较尿素效果更明显;土壤无机氮含量,包膜尿素处理以表土层最高,而尿素处理,特别是尿素N180kg／hm^2处理9叶展至吐丝期以下层土壤较高,2004年表现尤为明显。可见在降水量较多的年份,包膜尿素缓释效应明显,能有效控制无机氮的下移。华北平原夏玉米季以包膜尿素替代尿素、以一次性基施替代基肥＋追肥是完全可行的,能达到省工、增效、环保目的。     

Nitrogen concentration of cauliflower organs as determined by organ size,N supply,and radiation environment

Data from field experiments carried out in three consecutive years under contrasting N supply and radiation environment altered by artificial shading were used to identify (a) the relationship between N concentration and organ size under conditions of unrestricted N supply and (b) critical levels of soil nitrate (Nmin_crit), where nitrogen concentration of cauliflower organs begin to decline because of N limitations. The decline of N concentrations in cauliflower was analysed at different levels of morphological aggregation, i.e., the whole shoot level, the organ level (leaves, stem, and curd), and within different leaf groups within the canopy. Nmin_crit values (0–60 cm soil depth) for total nitrogen concentration of cauliflower organs leaves, stem and curd were estimated at 85, 93 and 28 kg N ha^–1, respectively. Within the canopy, Nmin_crit values for total N of leaves increased from the top to the bottom from 44 to 188 kg N ha^–1. Nmin_crit values for protein N in leaves from different layers of the canopy were much lower at around 30 kg N ha^–1, without a gradient within the canopy. It is discussed that these differences in Nmin_crit values are most likely a consequence of N redistribution associated with nitrogen deficiency. The decline of average shoot nitrogen concentrations, [Nm] (%N DM), with shoot dry matter, W _sh, (t ha^–1) under conditions of optimal N supply was [Nm]= 4.84 (±0.071) W _sh ^{–0.089(± 0.011)}, r ²=0.67 (±S.E.). The reduction of radiation intensity by artificial shading (60% of control) had no significant influence on total nitrogen concentrations of leaves and only a small influence on protein nitrogen concentrations in lower layers of the canopy. The leaf nitrate nitrogen fraction of nitrogen, f _nitr (–), within the canopy decreased linearly with increased average incident irradiance in different canopy layers (I _av, W PAR m^–2) (f _Nitr. = 0.2456(±0.0188) – 0.0023(±0.0004)I _av, r ² = 0.67.