海州湾春季短蛸的栖息分布特征及其与环境因子的关系

近年来,我国近海多种重要渔业资源处于不同程度的衰退状态,而短蛸具有生命周期短、生长迅速的特点,在我国近海经济渔获产量中占重要地位。然而,有关短蛸的栖息分布特征及其与环境因子的关系尚缺乏研究,不利于更好地保护和利用其资源。本研究根据2011年和2013—2017年春季海州湾的渔业资源和环境因子调查数据,采用随机森林模型、人工神经网络模型和广义提升回归模型3种机器学习方法分析了短蛸的栖息分布特征及其与环境因子的关系。结果表明: 随机森林模型的拟合效果和预测能力在3种模型中优势较大,选择该模型进行分析表明,底层水温、水深和底层盐度对短蛸的栖息分布有较大影响。短蛸的相对资源密度随底层水温、水深和底层盐度的增加均呈先上升后下降趋势。根据FVCOM模型模拟的环境数据,应用随机森林模型预测了短蛸在海州湾海域的栖息分布,发现短蛸主要分布在34.5°—35.8° N、119.7°—121° E之间的海域。     

青藏高原东缘11种小檗属(Berberis)植物种子萌发特性

在实验室条件下研究了青藏高原东缘11种小檗属(Berberis)植物的种子萌发特性,并分析了种子萌发能力与种子大小和海拔之间的关系。结果表明,11种植物中,仅有5种植物(金花小檗、匙叶小檗、锥花小檗、鲜黄小檗和刺黄花)种子萌发率超过50%,其中金花小檗最高(86.7%);有2种植物(巴东小檗、华西小檗)种子始终没有萌发,其余4种植物种子萌发率均在10%以下;种子萌发开始时间均在10d以后,匙叶小檗种子萌发的持续时间最长(40d)。11种植物种子萌发率、萌发速率、萌发持续时间与种子大小均呈显著负相关,而萌发开始时间与种子大小之间具有显著的正相关关系。萌发率、萌发速率、萌发持续时间与海拔均有较弱的正关联,萌发开始时间与海拔有较弱的负关联。     

我国缅阴虫属的分布及眼斑缅阴虫的生物学特性

缅阴虫属(Burmoniscus)是我国长江以南热带和亚热带地区中重要的陆栖等足类。本文对我国该属的种类组成和分布做了总结和分析,并对该属的代表种类——眼斑缅阴虫(B.ocellatus)的栖息地、食性、食量及繁殖季节等生物学特性进行了研究和综述。     

Genetic variation of the cytochrome b gene in the rosy bitterling, Rhodeus ocellatus (Cyprinidae) in Japan

According to conventional views, the rosy bitterling, Rhodeus ocellatus, comprises two subspecies, R. ocellatus kurumeus and R. ocellatus ocellatus, the former being native to Japan whereas the latter was introduced into Japan from China during World War II. To examine the genetic structure of Japanese R. ocellatus, part of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene from 48 individuals collected from various locations in Japan was sequenced. Three major mitochondrial lineages were found. Based on historical evidence, two of these represent R. ocellatus ocellatus and the third R. ocellatus kurumeus. The existence of two distinct lineages of R. ocellatus ocellatus in Japan suggests at least two colonizations. Some local populations comprised purely R. ocellatus kurumeus, but those from Kashima and Ogori included both subspecies. Because the proportion of R. ocellatus ocellatus in Kashima increased from 1994 to 1995, invasion by R. ocellatus ocellatus into R. ocellatus kurumeus habitats is apparently in progress. Received: April 30, 1999 / Revised: March 22, 2000 / Accepted: December 20, 2000     

Food, density, and microhabitat: factors affecting growth and recruitment potential of juvenile saltmarsh fishes

The relationships among microhabitat use, food habits, conspecific density and recent growth rate for estuarine-dependent juvenile spotted seatrout, Cynoscion nebulosus, and red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus, were studied to determine how nursery habitat influences early growth. Juvenile spotted seatrout and red drum were quantified along the marsh-edge ecotone from multiple drop samples, and their immediate environments characterized by a suite of physical and chemical variables along with substrate type and Spartina stem density. Recent daily growth of individual fish was modeled in a series of multiple regression analyses that considered the relative contributions of food, microhabitat, and conspecific density. The spotted seatrout model (p < 0.0001) included four independent variables, otolith radius, prey diversity, salinity, and a salinity-DO interaction term, and explained 67.9% of the variation in daily growth. All variables were significant (p < 0.05), and regression slopes were positive for all variables except salinity. The red drum model (p > 0.0001) included five independent variables, otolith radius, temperature, salinity, depth and substrate, and explained 63.3% of the variation in daily growth. All variables were significant (p > 0.05), and all regression slopes were positive. Fish size (as estimated by otolith radius) accounted for most of the variance in the spotted seatrout (60.2%) and red drum (44.8%) models, while the remaining environmental variables were significant and responsible for 7.7 and 18.5%, respectively. Density variables were not selected for either model, suggesting that density-dependence was not an important influence on recent daily growth. Generally, physico-chemical variables such as temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen contributed more to growth than diet or extrinsic factors such as grass stem density.     

短蛸外套膜和足粘液细胞的类型及分布

采用阿新兰与过碘酸雪夫氏反应(AB-PAS)染色法对短蛸(Octopusocellatus)外套膜和足各部位粘液细胞进行分类及分析。将粘液细胞分为Ⅰ~Ⅳ4种类型:分别呈红色、蓝色、紫红色和蓝紫色。胴体部背面和腹面的外套膜外表皮均有4种粘液细胞,以Ⅲ型和Ⅳ型粘液细胞为主,背面粘液细胞密度较小,腹面的密度较大。腕上皮皱褶处粘液细胞密度较大,其他大部分区域粘液细胞密度较小,以Ⅱ型为主,另有少量Ⅲ型和Ⅳ型粘液细胞;吸盘外上皮含有大量的粘液细胞,也以Ⅱ型为主。漏斗内外上皮粘液细胞密度较大,基部以Ⅱ型为主,其他部位则以Ⅲ型为主。通过对各部位粘液细胞的分类和比较,可以看出粘液细胞的分布和类型与其所在部位执行的功能有密切的联系。     

环境因子对眼斑拟石首鱼精子活力的影响

通过测定精子的激活率、运动时间及寿命,研究了pH、盐度、离子及葡萄糖等因子变化对眼斑拟石首鱼(Csiaenops ocellatus)精子活力的影响。结果表明,眼斑拟石首鱼精液中精子平均浓度为(1.203±0.22)×10¹⁰个·mL^-1;精子激活与运动的适宜盐度范围为20～35,其中盐度25时精子的激活率、运动时间及寿命分别达94.32%、9.14min及12.55min;精子激活与运动的适宜pH为6.0～8.5,适宜的KCl、NaCl及CaCl₂溶液浓度分别为600～700mmol·L^-1、600mmol·L^-1及400～600mmol·L^-1,适宜的葡萄糖溶液浓度为700～900mmol·L^-1;精子在缺少HCO₃^-或Mg²⁺或Ca²⁺的人工海水中激活率与在人工海水中的激活率无显著差异,但运动时间和寿命有所缩短。     

Natural variation in elemental composition of sagittae from red drum

Concentrations of calcium, strontium, sodium, and potassium were measured along chronological transects of sectioned sagittae from adult red drum ( Sciaenops ocellatus ), using a wavelength-dispersive electron microprobe. Coarse sampling involved triplicate measurements at the centre of each opaque (winter) and translucent (summer) zone. Fine sampling was performed in duplicate at equidistant points (15 μm apart) spanning four opaque zones (3 years of life). Concentrations of strontium generally increased with distance from the core (age). Other elements showed no consistent long-term trends. Sodium and potassium showed consistent differences between winter and summer otolith zones for ages 6 to 15, but calcium and strontium did not show this seasonal difference. Sampling through these zones on a finer spatial scale confirmed the winter/summer differences as cyclic trends. There was general concordance between annual variation in sodium and potassium concentrations in otoliths and concurrent trends in sea temperature, but significant departures in agreement suggested that temperature was not the immediate determinant of sodium and potassium incorporation. It is suggested that the roughly seasonal patterns of variation in otolith sodium and potassium concentrations may be a result of reproductive activity.