新疆棉田土壤固氮菌遗传多样性分析

利用ERIC-PCR和16SrDNA全序列测定方法,研究了新疆棉田土壤中分离获得的58株固氮菌的遗传多样性及系统发育。采用平均连锁法(UPGMA)分析ERIC-PCR的聚类结果表明在Watson距离为0.65左右时可以将供试菌株分为9个大群。选取ERIC-PCR各群中代表菌株进行16SrRNA全序列测定分析,结果表明这些菌株分别属于Enterobacter、Bacillus、Acinetobacter、Pseudomonas、Serratia和Yersinia6个属。     

Truncated hemoglobins in actinorhizal nodules of Datisca glomerata

Three types of hemoglobins exist in higher plants, symbiotic, non-symbiotic, and truncated hemoglobins. Symbiotic (class II) hemoglobins play a role in oxygen supply to intracellular nitrogen-fixing symbionts in legume root nodules, and in one case ( Parasponia Sp.), a non-symbiotic (class I) hemoglobin has been recruited for this function. Here we report the induction of a host gene, dgtrHB1, encoding a truncated hemoglobin in Frankia-induced nodules of the actinorhizal plant Datisca glomerata. Induction takes place specifically in cells infected by the microsymbiont, prior to the onset of bacterial nitrogen fixation. A bacterial gene (Frankia trHBO) encoding a truncated hemoglobin with O (2)-binding kinetics suitable for the facilitation of O (2) diffusion ( ) is also expressed in symbiosis. Nodule oximetry confirms the presence of a molecule that binds oxygen reversibly in D. glomerata nodules, but indicates a low overall hemoglobin concentration suggesting a local function. Frankia trHbO is likely to be responsible for this activity. The function of the D. glomerata truncated hemoglobin is unknown; a possible role in nitric oxide detoxification is suggested.     

小麦,玉米接种耐氨固氮菌试验初步分析

１９８９—１９９２年,在广东省部分县市进行了小麦、王米施用耐氨固氮菌大田对比试验,小麦接种耐氨固氮菌后,接菌区小麦的穗氏、有效穗、每穗粒数均比不接菌区明显增加,株高、成穗率、千粒重比对照略有增加,平均每亩比对照增产１６．７ｋｇ干麦,平均增产率为８．１％。玉米接种耐氨固氮菌后,接菌区玉米的茎粗、收获时的青叶片数、单苞重均比对照区明显增加,秃顶度比对照区明显减小,晒干率：出米率略有增加,平均每亩比对照增产５２．８ｋｇ玉米,平均增产率为１１．８９％。     

豆科植物在中国草原生态系统中的地位及其生理生态研究

豆科(Leguminosae)植物在改良土壤肥力、保持水土、提供多种经济产品方面功能显著,但我国干旱、半干旱草原区草场的退化使豆科植物资源受到严重破坏,有的面临灭绝的危险.本文明确了豆科植物在草原生态系统中的重要性,并综述了其光合、固氮等重要生理过程的研究进展,总结出自然生态系统中豆科植物的高光合机理和环境胁迫对固氮特性的影响,同时指出在豆科植物的适生机制和固氮潜能的发挥等还有很大的研究前景,在生产实践中,播种豆科灌木和豆科牧草是解决大面积人工林、草场"氮缺乏"的有效措施.     

Production and partial characterization of a novel capsular polysaccharide KP-EPS produced by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Paenibacillus pabuli</Emphasis> strain ATSKP

The aerobic nitrogen fixing xylanolytic bacterium Paenibacillus pabuli strain ATSKP produces loosely attached capsular polysaccharide KP-EPS. On 0.5% birchwood xylan 70 ± 5.02 mg of KP-EPS was produced per gram dry weight of cells by the fourth day of growth in the absence of combined nitrogen source at 30°C. It was separated and purified using centrifugation, cold acetone precipitation and dialysis and is a sulfate containing heteropolymer as revealed by FT-IR spectrometry and elemental analysis. CHN analysis revealed the presence of 37.50% carbon, 5.90% hydrogen and 8.28% nitrogen in KP-EPS. Absence of phosphorus was confirmed by ³¹P NMR. ICP-OES analysis showed the presence of various metals in small concentrations. Specific binding with aniline blue suggested the presence of (1,3)-β-d-glucan. Thermal gravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetric analysis confirmed its thermal stability as high as 200°C. The EPS was not pseudo plastic and the viscosity was less than xanthan. The intrinsic viscosity did not reduce drastically when dissolved in 0.1 M NaCl.     

玉米联合固氮菌Kosakonia radicincitans GXGL-4A的分离鉴定与固氮特性研究

【目的】固氮微生物是生物固氮的主体,其菌种的选育更是生物固氮研究的基础。本实验室分离鉴定出一株新的固氮菌,并对其固氮相关活性进行初步研究。【方法】固氮菌采用Ashby无氮培养基进行分离纯化。通过形态特征分析、生理生化特征分析、16S r RNA基因序列分析和基因组扫描对固氮菌进行鉴定。利用靛酚蓝-分光光度法检测固氮菌的泌铵能力。固氮酶活性的测定使用乙炔还原法。【结果】从玉米根部分离到一株固氮菌株GXGL-4A,菌体短杆状,大小约为1.5μm×0.5μm,单个或常见2个菌体细胞串联在一起,革兰氏染色结果为阴性。16S r RNA基因序列分析结果表明该菌株与Kosakonia oryzae Fo8A1d 16S r RNA基因序列有95%的相似性,结合形态特征、生理生化特征和基因组扫描,将其命名为K.radicincitans GXGL-4A。对其进行固氮基因nif H的检测,经PCR扩增得到预期的296 bp条带;采用靛酚蓝-分光光度法,测得发酵液中铵态氮含量为2.5 mg/L,表明该菌株具有较好的泌铵能力。乙炔还原法测其固氮酶活性,以乙烯生产量表示,结果显示GXGL-4A菌株在无氮培养基上能够有效地还原乙炔,达到232.94 nmol C2H4/(m L·h)。【结论】菌株GXGL-4A是一株可较好地分泌铵的新的固氮菌,具有很好的研究价值。     

六种固氮蓝藻提取液对玉米的促长作用和提取液成分比较

本文用六种固氮蓝藻的提取液处理玉米种子,同时对其提取液氨基酸组成和碳水化合物与维生素Ｂ１２的含量进行了分析。结果表明固氮鱼腥藻ＨＢ６８６（ＡｎａｂａｅｎａａｚｏｔｉｃａＨＢ６８６）、球孢鱼腥藻ＨＢ１０１７（Ａ．ｓｐｈａｅｒｉｃａＨＢ１０１７）、多变鱼腥藻ＨＢ１０５８（Ａ．ｖａｒｉａｂｉｌｉｓＨＢ１０５８）和小单歧藻ＨＢＴＴ（ＴｏｌｙｐｏｔｈｒｉｘｔｅｎｕｉｓＨＢＴＴ）的提取液中氨基酸、碳水化合物和维生素Ｂ１２的含量高于鱼腥藻ＳＰ．ＨＢ１０４２（Ａｎａｂａｅｎａｓｐ．ＨＢ１０４２）和繁育管链藻ＨＢ３８（ＡｕｌｏｓｉｒａｆｅｒｔｉｌｉｓｓｉｍａＨＢ３８）。同时,促进玉米种子萌发和幼苗生长的效果前四种藻较好,后两种则较差。     

固氮树种在混交林中的作用研究Ⅱ.固氮树木叶部N、P养分动态特征

研究了23种固氮与非固氮树种叶部N、P含量的季节变化、输出率以及叶片衰老过程中N、P的输出过程.结果表明,供试树种叶部N、P含量均存在着明显的季节变化,平均变化率为21～23%,最大变化率出现在叶片衰老期.在衰老期内不同树种表现出不同的N、P动态特征.固氮树种表现出低输出率,落叶中N含量是非固氮树种的1.6～3.7倍.固氮树种生长季叶部N含量在2.5%左右.     

Enhancement of phycobiliprotein production in nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria

The influence of several environmental factors on the phycobiliprotein content of two phycoerythrin-rich nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria has been studied in order to maximize pigment production. Total phycobiliprotein content was enhanced when either temperature within the optimum range for growth or cell density of the culture was increased. The phycobiliprotein level increased also in response to a decrease in irradiance. In all cases the effect was more marked for C-phycoerythrin than for C-phycocyanin and allophycocyanin. The cellular content in C-phycoerythrin was also preferentially enhanced when cultures were irradiated with green light. On the other hand, red light induced an increase in the C-phycocyanin content, but the C-phycoerythrin level decreased considerably.     

Use of nitrogen-fixing bacteria as biofertiliser for non-legumes: prospects and challenges

The potential of nitrogen-fixing (NF) bacteria to form a symbiotic relationship with leguminous plants and fix atmospheric nitrogen has been exploited in the field to meet the nitrogen requirement of the latter. This phenomenon provides an alternative to the use of the nitrogenous fertiliser whose excessive and imbalanced use over the decades has contributed to green house emission (N(2)O) and underground water leaching. Recently, it was observed that non-leguminous plants like rice, sugarcane, wheat and maize form an extended niche for various species of NF bacteria. These bacteria thrive within the plant, successfully colonizing roots, stems and leaves. During the association, the invading bacteria benefit the acquired host with a marked increase in plant growth, vigor and yield. With increasing population, the demand of non-leguminous plant products is growing. In this regard, the richness of NF flora within non-leguminous plants and extent of their interaction with the host definitely shows a ray of hope in developing an ecofriendly alternative to the nitrogenous fertilisers. In this review, we have discussed the association of NF bacteria with various non-leguminous plants emphasizing on their potential to promote host plant growth and yield. In addition, plant growth-promoting traits observed in these NF bacteria and their mode of interaction with the host plant have been described briefly.