Battling for Ribosomes: Translational Control at the Forefront of the Antiviral Response

In the early stages of infection, gaining control of the cellular protein synthesis machinery including its ribosomes is the ultimate combat objective for a virus. To successfully replicate, viruses unequivocally need to usurp and redeploy this machinery for translation of their own mRNA. In response, the host triggers global shutdown of translation while paradoxically allowing swift synthesis of antiviral proteins as a strategy to limit collateral damage. This fundamental conflict at the level of translational control defines the outcome of infection. As part of this special issue on molecular mechanisms of early virus–host cell interactions, we review the current state of knowledge regarding translational control during viral infection with specific emphasis on protein kinase RNA-activated and mammalian target of rapamycin-mediated mechanisms. We also describe recent technological advances that will allow unprecedented insight into how viruses and host cells battle for ribosomes.     

Optimization of sulfated modification conditions of tremella polysaccharide and effects of modifiers on cellular infectivity of NDV

Based on our previous research, sulfated modification conditions of Tremella polysaccharide (TPS), the chlorosulfonic acid to pyridine (CSA-Pry) ratio, reaction temperature and time, were optimized by L₉ (3⁴) orthogonal design taking the yield and degree of sulfation (DS) of modifiers as indexes. Two TPSs, TPS_tp and TPS_70c, were modified under optimized conditions. The effects of two modifiers, sTPS_tp and sTPS_70c, on cellular infectivity of NDV were determined by MTT method taking the non-modified TPS_tp, TPS_tc and TPS_70c as controls. The results showed that the optimized modification conditions were reaction temperature of 80 °C, CSA-Pry ratio of 1:6 and reaction time of 1.5 h. Five polysaccharides at proper concentrations could significantly inhibit the infectivity of NDV to CEF. The virus inhibitory rates of sTPS_tp at 1.563 μg mL⁻¹ group were the highest and significantly higher than those of other three non-modified polysaccharide groups in three sample-adding modes. This indicated that sulfated modification could significantly improve the antiviral activity of TPS. sTPS_tp possessed the best efficacy and would be as a component of antiviral polysaccharide drug.     

基因Ⅲ型新城疫病毒感染鸡外周血单个核细胞后的靶细胞分析

新城疫(ND)是鸡新城疫强毒株引起的一种鸡的烈性传染病,目前疫苗接种是防治该病的主要手段。临床上曾分离到与中等毒力疫苗株Mukteswar高度同源的强毒株JS/7/05/Ch,其通过静脉注射后毒力显著增强。为了探究JS/7/05/Ch经血液途径毒力增强的机制,本研究选用鸡外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)作为研究模型,分析基因Ⅲ型NDV在PBMC中的靶细胞。细胞分选结果表明病毒感染可诱导PBMC中单核细胞的增殖。实验组病毒感染后单核细胞相对占比上升,感染后1d Mukteswar组(Muk组)单核细胞占比16.3%,JS/7/05/Ch组(JS组)为13.21%,而对照组单核细胞仅占比3.18%。荧光定量PCR测定分选后各细胞中的病毒载量,感染后3d JS组单核细胞中的病毒含量与感染后1d相比极显著性增加(P<0.01)。感染后1d病毒以感染淋巴细胞为主,而在感染后3d单核细胞的相对病毒含量均超过淋巴细胞占据主导地位,Muk组和JS组分别为54.2%和60.2%。综上所述,基因Ⅲ型NDV在PBMC中的靶细胞是单核巨噬细胞。这为进一步研究这对基因Ⅲ型模式病毒毒力差异的机制奠定了一定基础。     

Comparison of substrate specificities against the fusion glycoprotein of virulent Newcastle disease virus between a chick embryo fibroblast processing protease and mammalian subtilisin-like proteases

The fusion (F) protein precursor of virulent Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strains has two pairs of basic amino acids at the cleavage site, and its intracellular cleavage activation occurs in a variety of cells; therefore, the viruses cause systemic infections in poultry. To explore the protease responsible for the cleavage in the natural host, we examined detailed substrate specificity of the enzyme in chick embryo fibroblasts (CEF) using a panel of the F protein mutants at the cleavage site expressed by vaccinia virus vectors, and compared the specificity with those of mammalian subtilisin-like proteases such as furin, PC6 and PACE4 which are candidates for F protein processing enzymes. It was demonstrated in CEF cells that Arg residues at the -4, -2 and -1 positions upstream of the cleavage site were essential, and that at the -5 position was required for maximal cleavage. Phe at the +1 position was also important for efficient cleavage. On the other hand, furin and PC6 expressed by vaccinia virus vectors showed cleavage specificities against the F protein mutants consistent with that shown by the processing enzyme of CEF cells, but PACE4 hardly cleaved the F proteins including the wild type. These results indicate that the proteolytic processing enzymes of poultry for virulent NDV F proteins could be furin and/or PC6 but not PACE4. The significance of individual contribution of the three amino acids at the -5, -2 and +1 positions to cleavability was discussed in relation to the evolution of virulent and avirulent NDV strains.     

新城疫分离毒HN基因的分子特性和片段同源相关性

选取国内1997-2005年分离的新城疫病毒(Newcastle disease virus,NDV)24株,经蚀斑纯化克隆其血凝素-神经氨酸酶(HN)基因,与在GenBank发表的36株国内外不同时期的NDV毒株,进行氨基酸遗传变异分析,并利用SPSS8.0软件对其不同片段的氨基酸进行同源相关比较。结果显示:国内所有NDV分离毒株氨基酸高度同源,同源性为94.4%-99.4%;与LaSota、Clone30疫苗株等的氨基酸同源性为86.9%-89%;与强毒株F48E9的氨基酸同源性为87.9%-89.9%;与国外NDV的氨基酸同源性为87.2%-96.2%。系统发育分析表明:国内NDV分离毒HN遗传距离较近,而与LaSota、Clone30和F48E9遗传距离较远。国内NDV分离毒均缺乏538-540位糖基化位点。不同片段与全长的氨基酸同源性高度相关,且与前80个氨基酸相关最密切。     

表达新城疫病毒HN基因的重组火鸡疱疹病毒的构建

应用聚合酶链反应技术,用设计带有限制性酶切位点的引物,特异地扩增从起始密码子开始的１ ．８ ｋｂ 新城疫病毒（ Ｎ Ｄ Ｖ） 血凝素神经氨酸酶（ Ｈ Ｎ） 基因开放式阅读框,然后插入ｐ Ｔ Ｋ２ Ｂ 的 Ｎｈｅ Ⅰ位点,构建了含 Ｎ Ｄ Ｖ Ｈ Ｎ 基因的插入载体ｐ Ｔ Ｋ Ｈ Ｎ１ 和ｐ Ｔ Ｋ Ｈ Ｎ２ ,再与感染火鸡疱疹病毒（ Ｈ Ｖ Ｔ） 细胞的总 Ｄ Ｎ Ａ 共转染鸡胚成纤维细胞（ Ｃ Ｅ Ｆ） ,经有限稀释法和 Ｄｏｔｂｌｏｔ 筛选,得到含有 Ｈ Ｎ 基因的重组体ｒ Ｈ Ｖ Ｔ１ 和ｒ Ｈ Ｖ Ｔ２ 。经组织培养传代和 Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎ ｂｌｏｔ 分析,表明重组体在感染细胞中表达了 Ｈ Ｎ 蛋白。重组体在 Ｃ Ｅ Ｆ 上的生长特性与亲本病毒相同,且在连续传代过程中保持稳定。为国内新城疫基因工程疫苗研制奠定了基础。     

The molecular weight determination of proteins and glycoproteins of RNA enveloped viruses by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in SDS

The apparent molecular weights for glycoproteins of four RNA enveloped viruses — influenza virus, NDV, VSV and AMV, calculated relative to protein standards depend upon the percent of acrylamide used. Such anomaly is not observed for other proteins of these viruses. The irregular behaviour of glycoproteins resulted from their lesser capacity to bind SDS.     

新城疫病毒中国标准强毒株F48E9株F基因的酶切分析

含新城疫病毒Ｆ４８Ｅ９株Ｆ基因的重组质粒ｐＢＦＦ经单酶切,双酶切分析,结果表明,中国的标准强毒株Ｆ４８Ｅ５株的Ｆ基因与国外的一些强毒株相比有较大的差异,多出一个ＢａｍＨＩ酶切位点,一个ＳｅａＩ酶切位点,三个ｐｓｔＩ酶切位点,少了一个ｐｓｔＩ酶切位点。     

鸭副粘病毒WF01 D株F基因的测序与蛋白特性分析

用鸭副粘病毒凤阳分离株WF01 D作9～10日龄SPF鸡胚的尿囊腔接种,成功增殖了该病毒,采用一步法RT-PCR技术扩增WF01 D病毒的F基因,获得了1条长约1．7kb的特异性条带。用PCR产物直接测序。测序结果表明,扩增片段大小为1782bp,含有1个1662bp的开放性阅读框,编码554个氨基酸。核苷酸同源性分析表明：WF01 D株与国内外其他NDVF基因的同源性为84．5％～97．0％,其中与国内标准强毒株F48E9的同源性为86．6％,说明WF01 D与国内外的传统毒株有较大变异。与Taiwan95株和J株的同源性为93．6％和97．0％,说明WF01 D与Taiwan95株和J株亲缘关系较近,具有较高的相似性。F蛋白裂解位点的氨基酸顺序为112Arg-Arg-Gln-Lys-Arg-Phe117,表明为NDV的强毒株。蛋白疏水性和抗原性分析表明与标准强毒F48E9株相比没有太大的变异。