The Upper Cave at Zhoukoudian and the origins of the Mongoloids

The best evidence for identifying the inhabitants of northeast Asia in the terminal Pleistocene or early Holocene periods is provided by the human burials from the Upper Cave at Zhoukoudian, and in particular the “Old Man”. Apart from the Minatogawa finds on Okinawa, all Late Pleistocene human remains from East Asia that are reasonably well published are poorly preserved and often have equivocal dates. Since the time the Upper Cave was excavated it has been supposed that the human remains were the link between “Peking Man” and the modern Mongoloid complex. We have carried out multivariate analyses of the “Old Man” cranium employing new measurements of Weidenreich's cast of the skull and comparative data from Howells' survey of modern human groups. Despite our expectations the analyses have not shown the “Old Man” to be closely linked with the Mongoloids. Considering all the evidence available we conclude that the common belief of a close biological relationship between the people buried in the Upper Cave and the modern Mongoloids is not yet adequately demonstrated. Of crucial importance in interpreting the Upper Cave burials is their antiquity, which is still commonly thought to be in the order of at least 18 000 years. We believe that recent C-14 dates of about 11 000 years, determined from animal bones, indicate the earliest possible date for the burials. The time span between the Upper Cave burials and the earliest known modern Mongoloids in north China is in the order of about 4–5000 years. It is possible that a major population shift has occurred in north China between the terminal Pleistocene and the mid Holocene, when farming first appears. If this is so, the Upper Cave people may not have been closely allied to the Mongoloid groups that now inhabit East Asia and the Americas.     

East European lowland as an area of long-time interaction between Caucasoid and Mongoloid peoples

Most of the population of Eastern Europe inhabit an area of great anthropological interest, because of the contact between Caucasoid and Mongoloid anthropological types. We have analyzed normal variability in minisatellite and microsatellite loci in some East European population. Different synthetic maps were constructed using reliability theory to evaluate the degree of accuracy. Comparison of the synthetic maps for DNA with classical markers has revealed a high level of correlation. All the data obtained show the diverse influence of both anthropological types in forming the gene pool of the Eastern European peoples.     

颜面扁平度的变异和山顶洞人类化石的颜面扁平度

扁平的颜面这一蒙古人种的颅骨特征可上溯到直立人时代。在新石器时代,颜面扁平度总的来看华北地区的要比华南的稍大些,但这种南北差别并无严格的地理界线;在现代,这种地理上的差别更不明显。山顶洞人类头骨化石的过小的颜面扁平度很可能是受外来“基因流”的影响的结果。     

西双版纳傣族的人种学特点:来自人体测量学的数据

2013年9月在云南省西双版纳州测量了402例(男为197例,女为205例)傣族人的头面部、体部体质指标,并与汉族和中国北亚类型、南亚类型体质进行了比较。研究发现,西双版纳傣族男性、女性均为亚中等身材。西双版纳傣族与德宏州傣族体质特征差异较大。聚类分析结果表明,西双版纳傣族男性与克木人、佤族、水族、苗族在同一组中。总的看来,西双版纳傣族具有南亚类型族群体质特征。     

零口战国墓颅骨的人类学特征

本文对陕西省临潼县零口村遗址发掘出土的战国秦墓颅骨的人类学特征进行了研究。该组颅骨的种族特征可归入现代亚洲蒙古人种的东亚人种范畴。在若干近代和古代对比组中 ,零口组的基本体质类型与近代华北组、新石器时代的宝鸡组和关中合并组、青铜时代的上马组和殷墟中小墓②组最为接近。     

中国莽人、僜人、珞巴族与门巴族Heath-Carter法体型研究

作者于2006—2007年在云南、西藏调查了中国莽人、僜人、珞巴族、门巴族体重、身高、上臂收缩围、小腿围、肱骨内外上髁间径、股骨内外上髁间径、肱三头肌位皮褶、肩胛下位皮褶、髂前上棘位皮褶和腓肠肌位皮褶10项指标值,计算了4个族群的Heath-Carter法体型值。研究结果显示: 1)在南方族群中, 莽人身矮体轻, 身体细瘦, 皮脂菲薄, 肌肉不发达。僜人身矮体轻, 身体细瘦, 男性肌肉较发达, 皮脂厚度中等。女性肌肉发达, 皮脂厚。珞巴族与门巴族均身材高, 体重大, 身体粗壮, 皮脂厚, 肌肉发达。2)门巴族男性为偏内胚层的中胚层体型, 莽人、僜人、珞巴族男性为均衡的中胚层体型。僜人、珞巴族、门巴族女性为偏中胚层的内胚层体型, 莽人女性为偏内胚层的中胚层体型。莽人、僜人、珞巴族男性具有南亚类型族群的体型特征, 门巴族男性具有北亚类型族群体型特征。莽人女性具有南亚类型族群的体型特征, 僜人、珞巴族、门巴族女性具有北亚类型族群的体型特征。     

新疆哈密五堡古代人类颅骨测量的种族研究

本文对新疆哈密五堡古墓地出土的 32 0 0多年前的人骨进行了研究。结果显示 :哈密古代人骨材料中存在东、西方两大人种。根据形态观察 ,哈密五堡M组为蒙古人种 ,而哈密五堡C组为欧洲人种。聚类分析和主成份分析结果也显示C组属欧洲人种。     

内蒙古宁城山嘴子辽墓契丹族颅骨的人类学特征

本文对内蒙古自治区赤峰市宁城县山嘴子辽代墓地出土的古代契丹族颅骨的人类学特征进行了研究。9例男性颅骨和3例女性颅骨中的大多数标本在种族特征上均可归入现代亚洲蒙古人种中的西伯利亚(北亚)人种范畴,少数标本中的个别特征则显示出某种程度上的东亚人种或北极(东北亚)人种的影响。在若干古代和近代对比组中,山嘴子辽代契丹族的体质特征分别与汉代鲜卑族和近代蒙古族最为接近。     

Principal axis analysis of gene frequency data

When a set of populations are compared in respect of gene frequencies, and the chi-square test of heterogeneity is found to be significant, it is pertinent to find out whether the heterogeneity can be explained by a few linear combinations of the gene frequencies, and the total heterogeneity chi-square value can be partitioned as the sum of heterogeneity chi-square values contributed by the linear combinations. The present report describes such a method, and the linear combination that explains the maximum heterogeneity is called the principal axis. An application of this method is presented to find clusters of 31 Mongoloid tribal populations of eastern India using ABO gene frequency data.     

克什克腾旗龙头山青铜时代颅骨的人类学研究

本文对内蒙古自治区赤峰市克什克腾旗龙头山青铜时代遗址发掘出土的颅骨进行了人种学研究。１１例男性颅骨和３例女性颅骨的种族特征基本相似,均可归入现代亚洲蒙古人种的东亚人种范畴,某些特征则显示出北亚人种的影响。在若干古代和近代对比组中,龙头山青铜时代居民的体质特征分别与顺山屯青铜时代居民和近代华北居民最为接近。