聚四氟乙烯微针模具的性能考察

目的:考察用聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)制作相转化水凝胶微针模具的性能。方法:聚四氟乙烯模具经过粉末的过筛、压制、烧结、制孔而得。实验制备了不同聚四氟乙烯粉料粒度、不聚四氟乙烯粉料用料量、不同生料板压制压力的聚四氟乙烯微针模具,向模具中浇注以PVA为基质的聚合物溶液,通过冷冻解冻制得相转化水凝胶微针,考察模具的孔径、载料量以及微针的揭膜难易程度和完形率。结果:80目以上细度的模具透光性能均一;随着聚四氟乙烯用料量的增加和生料板压制压力的增大,模具的孔径和载药量减小,揭膜更容易、完形率更高。结论:聚四氟乙烯模具的性能与其密度密切相关,密度越大的模具,蠕变的随意性越大,因而孔洞均一性下降,但是揭膜性能变好,完形率提高。这两个相反的趋势提示我们,四氟乙烯模具的优劣是相转化水凝胶微针中的第一个控制性因素,聚四氟乙烯是制作微针模具的可接受材料,有进一步研究的价值。     

Efficacy of the biocontrol yeast Pichia anomala during long-term storage of moist feed grain under different oxygen and carbon dioxide regimens

The yeast Pichia anomala inhibits the spoilage mold Penicillium roqueforti in laboratory experiments with high-moisture wheat in malfunctioning airtight storage. The ability of P. anomala to prevent mold growth during 14 months of grain storage was evaluated in outdoor silos with different air permeabilities. Freshly harvested wheat in 160-kg portions was inoculated with 10(2) colony-forming units (cfu) g(-1) P. roqueforti, alone or together with 10(4) cfu g(-1) P. anomala. During the first month P. anomala increased to about 10(6) cfu g(-1) in the treated silos to reach 10(7) cfu g (-1) after 9 months. Naturally occurring P. anomala in the untreated silos increased from 10(2) to about 10(3) cfu g(-1) during the first month and reached the same level as the treated silos after 9 months. Oxygen levels were reduced below the detection limit within 1 day, while carbon dioxide levels increased to 80-90% during the first month. P. roqueforti did not grow in wheat treated with P. anomala, regardless of silo permeability, but had increased to 10(5) cfu g(-1) in the untreated silos after 14 months of storage.     

广州地区甲真菌病致病真菌的变迁趋势研究

目的为了解广州地区甲真菌病的致病菌种分布情况.方法笔者采用真菌培养法对临床症状典型或镜检阳性的甲真菌病病甲进行培养.结果分离出致病真菌618株,其中皮肤癣菌417株,占67.5%,酵母菌149株,占23.8%,霉菌54株,占8.7%.结论广州地区的甲真菌病的致病菌除皮肤癣菌外,酵母菌,霉菌也占一定的比例,近几年酵母菌感染有上升趋势.     

Solid state fermentation of aquatic macrophytes for crude protein extraction

Aquatic macrophytes such as Elodea nuttalli, Vallisneria natans, Alterranthera philoxerides that are widely distributed in water environments of Lake Taihu basin were used as substrate of solid state fermentation to produce crude protein extraction. The effects of single-strain fermentation and mixed strains fermentation of aquatic macrophytes on the production of crude protein extraction and cellulase activity are analyzed, respectively. The experimental results showed that the crude protein content of products with mixed strains fermentation is higher than that with single-strain fermentation. The crude protein content of V. natans fermented by Aspergillus niger and Candida utilis is the highest among the aquatic macrophytes examined in this study. V. natans is used as the substrate to be fermented by C. utilis and A. niger; their ratio is 1:1 at 28 ± 1 °C for 72 h. The crude protein of fermented V. natans is as high as 49.54%, with 128.82% of its increase rate. The cellulose activity reaches a maximum of 4.21 μ/ml at 84 h of fementation of V. natans. Thus, the solid state fermentation of aquatic macrophytes to produce crude protein extraction is promising, which make aquatic macrophytes a potential resource and thus is beneficial to the long-term ecological restoration of eutrophic lakes.     

The importance of fungal pathogens and antifungal coatings in medical device infections

In recent years, increasing evidence has been collated on the contributions of fungal species, particularly Candida, to medical device infections. Fungal species can form biofilms by themselves or by participating in polymicrobial biofilms with bacteria. Thus, there is a clear need for effective preventative measures, such as thin coatings that can be applied onto medical devices to stop the attachment, proliferation, and formation of device-associated biofilms.However, fungi being eukaryotes, the challenge is greater than for bacterial infections because antifungal agents are often toxic towards eukaryotic host cells. Whilst there is extensive literature on antibacterial coatings, a far lesser body of literature exists on surfaces or coatings that prevent attachment and biofilm formation on medical devices by fungal pathogens. Here we review strategies for the design and fabrication of medical devices with antifungal surfaces. We also survey the microbiology literature on fundamental mechanisms by which fungi attach and spread on natural and synthetic surfaces. Research in this field requires close collaboration between biomaterials scientists, microbiologists and clinicians; we consider progress in the molecular understanding of fungal recognition of, and attachment to, suitable surfaces, and of ensuing metabolic changes, to be essential for designing rational approaches towards effective antifungal coatings, rather than empirical trial of coatings.     

Activities of DNA degrading enzymes in the slime moldPhysarum polycephalum

Crude extracts ofPhysarum polycephalum contain five DNA degrading enzyme activities. One enzyme activity degrades native DNA with a maximum activity at pH 3.2. Four others degrade heat-denatured DNA and have their maximum activity at pH's 3.4, 4.0, 7.6 and 8.5 respectively. The five DNA degrading activities react in different ways to administration of divalent cations and show different stabilities towards heat inactivation or incubation conditions.Abbreviation PIPES piperazine-N,N-bis(2-ethanesulfonic acid)     

Quantitative PCR analysis of selected Aspergillus, Penicillium and Paecilomyces species

A total of 65 quantitative PCR (QPCR) assays, incorporating fluorigenic 5' nuclease (TaqMan) chemistry and directed at the nuclear ribosomal RNA operon, internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS1 or ITS2) was developed and tested for the detection of selected Aspergillus, Penicillium and Paecilomyces species. The assays varied in specificity from species or subspecies to closely related species groups, subject to the amount of nucleotide sequence variation in the different organisms. A generic assay for all target species of Aspergillus, Penicillium and Paecilomyces was also developed and tested. Using a previously reported DNA extraction method, estimated conidia detection limits for target species ranged from less than one to several hundred per sample for the different assays. Conidia detection limits for non-target species were at least 1,000 fold higher in nearly all instances. The assays were used to analyze ten HVAC dust samples from different sources around the US. Total quantities of Aspergillus, Penicillium and Paecilomyces conidia in the samples, determined by the generic assay and the summed totals from the specific assays, were in general agreement, suggesting that all of the numerically dominant species in the samples were accounted for by the specific assays. QPCR analyses of these samples after spiking them with selected target organisms indicated that the enumeration results were within approximately a one-half log range of the expected values 95% of the time. Evidence is provided that the commonly used practices of enumerating Aspergillus and Penicillium as a single group or only by genus can be misleading in understanding the indoor populations of these organisms and their potential health risks.     

Rapid identification of microbial VOCs from tobacco molds using closed-loop stripping and gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry

Several microbial volatile organic compounds (MVOCs) that can serve as potential chemical markers for microbial contamination in tobacco have been identified. Four different fungal species, Aspergillus niger (AN), A. ornatus (AO), Pencillium chrysogenum (PC) and Rhizopus stolonifer (RS), commonly reported in moldy tobacco were cultured and screened for MVOCs. Because the MVOCs emitted by a microbial species are substrate specific, the fungal strains were separately grown on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and tobacco products. MVOCs from the mold cultures grown on PDA and tobacco products were extracted using closed-loop stripping analysis (CLSA) and identified by gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC/TOF-MS). Some of the prominent tobacco mold markers identified by this method include: 1-octen-3-ol; 2-octen-1-ol; 2-methyl-1-butanol; 3-methyl-1-butanol; 1-octene and 2-pentanone. In particular, 1-octen-3-ol was detected in all the mold cultures and moldy tobacco samples analyzed. Olfactory evaluation of 1-octen-3-ol indicated a characteristic musty odor and the odor threshold was determined to be approximately 200 ng/ml. The limits of detection for 1-octen-3-ol using GC/TOF-MS and GC/mass selective detector (MSD) in the full-scan mode and selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode were investigated. The CLSA-GC/TOF-MS demonstrates a fast, sensitive and semi-quantitative analytical technique for screening tobacco materials for the presence of mold via chemical markers of microbial contamination.     

Characterization of airborne fungal levels after mold remediation

The overall objective of this project was to evaluate levels of airborne fungi present after a mold remediation project and determine the effectiveness of this remediation using airborne mold levels to determine the success of these projects. Andersen N6 (viable) and Air-O-Cell (non-viable) sampling techniques were utilized. Both test methodologies demonstrated that levels of mold in the successfully remediated portions of buildings were significantly different (p<0.05) from the levels found in non-complaint and outdoor samples from the same building, respectively. Conversely, levels in unsuccessful remediation projects were not significantly different (p>0.05) to non-complaint and outdoor samples. Both techniques showed high variability in the overall mold levels found between sites; however, the ratios of specific mold groups in each area tested, within the same site, were remarkably similar. The use of either viable or non-viable mold sampling techniques after mold remediation is essential for determining the success of such projects. This project demonstrates the relationship between mold levels and the success of a mold remediation projects, and will assist in the interpretation of data collected at the conclusion of a mold remediation project.     

苹果霉心病微生态研究

对苹果心室及霉心病病果心室的微生物区系,霉心病的发病特点及生态防治做了系统研究,认为霉心病及健康果实心室存在多种微生物,霉心病的发生是微生态系统失调引起的。霉心病具有复合侵染、潜伏侵染特性。一些芽孢杆菌(Bacillus.sp)对病原菌有拮抗作用。生态防治可以应用于霉心病的防治。