小煤炱科子囊壳超微结构研究

用扫描电镜对小煤炱科Meliolaceae的美座附丝壳Appendiculella calotroma(Desm.)Hoehnel和莫勒针壳炱Irenopsis molleriana(Wint.)Stev.的子囊壳进行观察的结果,发现它们的子囊壳都有一个小孔口,孔口周围有2～4层小圆柱形至椭圆形细胞;它们的子囊壳表面细胞呈疣状或乳突状,具纵向沟纹。其中美座附丝壳还有具横条纹的蠕虫状附属物,莫勒针壳炱有光滑的子囊壳刚毛。子囊壳表面孔口的发现为小煤炱目Meliolales的确立提供了直接的证据。     

Unravelling evolutionary relationships between epifoliar Meliolaceae and angiosperms

Epifoliar fungi are a group of poorly studied fungal symbionts that coinhabit the surface of living plants. Meliolaceae is the largest group of epifoliar fungi and has been considered as obligate parasites. We investigated the taxonomy of Meliolaceae and the coevolutionary events with their host plants using time-calibrated cophylogeny based on large subunit, small subunit, and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence data obtained from 17 different fungal taxa and rbcL, ITS, and trnH-psbA sequence data from their corresponding hosts. Nine new fungal species are introduced in this paper and Appendiculella is synonymized under Asteridiella. The dominant coevolutionary events during the Cretaceous and Cenozoic are cospeciation and host shift, respectively. We hypothesize that the evolutionary history of epifoliar fungi can be divided into three major periods: origins of families, formations of genera, and diversification of species. The rise of angiosperms prompted the evolution of modern epifoliar fungi and the diversification of orders of Angiospermae fostered the formation of epifoliar fungal genera. Phylogenetically, epifoliar fungal genera can be delimited according to their coevolutionary patterns and divergent periods.     

中国小煤炱目生态及区系成分分析

对中国小煤炱目的的种类组成、生态分布及寄主和区系地理成分进行了研究。中国小煤炱目有7属,341种和变种,占世界的15％;优势属是小煤炱属（239种和变种,占70．1％）,小光壳炱属（54种和变种,占15．8％）和附丝壳属（22种和变种,6．4％）。中国小煤炱目主要分布在热带亚热带地区,76．8％的寄主植物属属于热带成分。种的分布型可分广布成分（0．3％）、泛热带成分（7．3％）、热带亚洲－热带美洲成分（9．1％）、旧世界热带成分（0．3％）、热带亚洲－热带大洋洲成分（2．1％）、热带亚洲－热带非洲成分（16．1％）、热带亚洲成分（34％）、北温带成分（0．6％）、东亚－北美洲成分（0．3％）、东亚成分（1．7％）、中国特有成分（28．2％）等11种类型;表现出明显的热带成分（68．9％）和中国特有成分;在分布上,与东亚、北温带区系相距较远。