Substance P and enkephalin in transected axons of medulla and spinal cord

The accumulation of transported materials in cut axons is demonstrated by the light and electron microscopic immunocytochemical localization of substance P and enkephalin in the caudal medulla and cervical spinal cord of adult rat. Two days following unilateral knife-cuts in the caudal medulla or spinal (C2-C3) levels, substance P and enkephalin-like immunoreactivity (SPLI and ELI) are detected in lesioned axons located rostral and caudal to the transection. Rostrally, SPLI and ELI are detected in the lateral reticular region and ventrolateral fasciculus corresponding to the location of previously identified bulbospinal pathways. Caudally, previously unidentified, propriospinal pathways showing SPLI are detected in the dorsal columns and in the dorsolateral fasciculus. In contrast, ELI is found caudal to the transection only in the reticular region of the medulla. For both peptides, immunoreactivity is present throughout axons containing numerous large, dense core, and small clear vesicles. These results support the concept of both particulate and soluble modes of transport for substance P and enkephalin within axons of the central nervous system.     

Cannabidiol activates PINK1-Parkin-dependent mitophagy and mitochondrial-derived vesicles

The PINK1/Parkin pathway plays an important role in maintaining a healthy pool of mitochondria. Activation of this pathway can lead to apoptosis, mitophagy, or mitochondrial-derived vesicle formation, depending on the nature of mitochondrial damage. The signaling by which PINK/Parkin activation leads to these different mitochondrial outcomes remains understudied. Here we present evidence that cannabidiol (CBD) activates the PINK1-Parkin pathway in a unique manner. CBD stimulates PINK1-dependent Parkin mitochondrial recruitment similarly to other well-studied Parkin activators but with a distinctive shift in the temporal dynamics and mitochondrial fates. The mitochondrial permeability transition pore inhibitor cyclosporine A exclusively diminished the CBD-induced PINK1/Parkin activation and its associated mitochondrial effects. Unexpectedly, CBD treatment also induced elevated production of mitochondrial-derived vesicles (MDV), a potential quality control mechanism that may help repair partial damaged mitochondria. Our results suggest that CBD may engage the PINK1-Parkin pathway to produce MDV and repair mitochondrial lesions via mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening. This work uncovered a novel link between CBD and PINK1/Parkin-dependent MDV production in mitochondrial health regulation.     

Mechanisms Orchestrating Mitochondrial Dynamics for Energy Homeostasis

To maintain homeostasis, every cell must constantly monitor its energy level and appropriately adjust energy, in the form of ATP, production rates based on metabolic demand. Continuous fulfillment of this energy demand depends on the ability of cells to sense, metabolize, and convert nutrients into chemical energy. Mitochondria are the main energy conversion sites for many cell types. Cellular metabolic states dictate the mitochondrial size, shape, function, and positioning. Mitochondrial shape varies from singular discrete organelles to interconnected reticular networks within cells. The morphological adaptations of mitochondria to metabolic cues are facilitated by the dynamic events categorized as transport, fusion, fission, and quality control. By changing their dynamics and strategic positioning within the cytoplasm, mitochondria carry out critical functions and also participate actively in inter-organelle cross-talk, assisting metabolite transfer, degradation, and biogenesis. Mitochondrial dynamics has become an active area of research because of its particular importance in cancer, metabolic diseases, and neurological disorders. In this review, we will highlight the molecular pathways involved in the regulation of mitochondrial dynamics and their roles in maintaining energy homeostasis.     

我国自然发病鸡群中MDV、REV和CAV共感染的检测

从山东、河南、河北、北京、江苏、广东、广西、四川、吉林、辽宁、台湾11省42个不同鸡群收集临床有发病表现的828只病、死鸡的病理组织样品,用点杂交方法检测各个样品中马立克氏病病(Marek's disease virus,MDV)、网状内皮细胞增生病病毒(Reticuloendotheliosis virus,REV) 、鸡传染性贫血病病毒(Chicken anemia virus,CAV)的感染情况.结果表明828只病鸡中这三种病毒的检出率均相当高,分别为83.94%(MDV)、61.0%(CAV)和57.25%(REV),并且存在非常严重的双重感染(31.16%)和三重感染(44.69%),单重感染和阴性个体仅占15.34%和8.82%;在42个鸡群中的29个存在三重感染,占鸡群总数的69.05%,5个鸡群存在MDV和CAV的共感染,3个鸡群存在MDV和REV的共感染,二重感染占鸡群总数的19.05%,仅有2个鸡群未检测到这三种病毒;在地域分布上,11个省份均检测到了MDV、CAV和REV,表明了这三种病毒在我国的广泛分布及其在生产鸡群中的混合感染是导致当前我国养禽业生产性能下降、条件致病性疾病发生严重、临床腺胃肿大症状发生的重要原因.     

pGEX载体表达马立克氏病病毒囊膜糖蛋白gI基因的最佳条件

通过聚合酶链式反应 (PCR) ,扩增出马立克氏病病毒特超强毒 (vv +MDV) 648株囊膜糖蛋白gI基因 ,并将该基因按正确的阅读框 (ORF)克隆到表达性载体质粒pGEX 6P 1中谷胱甘肽转移酶 (GST)基因的下游。重组质粒 (pGEX gI)经氯化钙转化宿主菌BL2 1 ;通过建立重组菌生长时间与OD60 0 值间的关系曲线 ,以及对诱导时间、诱导温度、IPTG浓度等条件的摸索 ,根据聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳 (SDS PAGE)判定GST gI融合蛋白的最佳表达条件 ,并经蛋白质印迹试验 (WesternBlotting)对表达产物进行了验证。将表达产物免疫小鼠 ,所得抗血清能与MDV感染的鸡胚成纤维细胞 (CEF)在间接免疫荧光试验 (IFA)中 ,呈较强的细胞膜荧光着色。实验结果表明 :IPTG的最佳浓度为 0 2～ 0 5mmol L ;最适的诱导时期为重组菌生长对数中期 ;温度对表达几乎没有影响。pGEX载体表达的融合蛋白至少保留了天然蛋白的部分抗原性     

用杆状病毒为载体在昆虫细胞中表达马立克病病毒pp38基因

鸡马立克病病毒(MDV)38kd磷蛋白(pp38)基因中包括起始密码子和终止密码子的完整编码序列被整合进杆状病毒AcNPV的转移载体质粒pVL1392,用所得的含pp38基因的重组转移载体质粒pVLpp38I与野生型杆状病毒AcNPV的DNA共转染昆虫传代细胞系Sf9细胞后,用荧光抗体法以抗MDV单克隆抗体H_(19)筛选到能表达MDVpp38的重组杆状病毒克隆BP38 I。免疫印迹试验表明,在重组病毒BP38 I感染的Sf9细胞溶解物中,可表现一条分子量约为35—36kd的为单克隆抗体H_(19)识别的MDV特异性蛋白带。     

鸡马立克氏病病毒糖蛋白gB基因的表达及基因免疫

将马立克氏病病毒(Marek's disease virus,MDV)gB基因插入真核表达载体pcDNA3中,经酶切和PCR鉴定为正向插入了gB基因的重组质粒,命名为pcDNA3-gB。体外转染COS-7细胞,经间接免疫荧光染色证实转染pcDNA3-gB后的COS-7细胞内有糖蛋白B的表达。用pcDNA3-gB对从肉用雏鸡腿部肌肉注射,进行一免。间隔2周后,用pcDNA3-gB再加强免疫一次。之后2周攻毒,观察免疫保护效果。结果表明,MDV gB基因DNA免疫可以诱导鸡体产生免疫保护,免疫保护指数为72．2％。