Asymbiotic seed germination and in vitro seedling development of Habenaria macroceratitis (Orchidaceae), a rare Florida terrestrial orchid

Continuing loss of native orchid habitat has lead to an increased emphasis on orchid conservation. Major obstacles in the production of native orchid seedlings for use in conservation have been: (1) development of efficient and reliable seed germination protocols and (2) an understanding of early seedling growth and development. Effects of six asymbiotic media (Modified Lucke, Murashige & Skoog, Lindemann, Vacin & Went, Malmgren Modified, Knudson C), four exogenous cytokinins (BA, Zea, Kin, 2-iP), and three photoperiods (0/24, 16/8, 24/0 h L/D) were examined on seed germination and early protocorm development of Habenaria macroceratitis, a rare native Florida terrestrial orchid. Finally, the effects of three photoperiods (8/16, 12/12, 16/8 h L/D) on in vitro seedling development were examined. Percent seed germination was highest on both LM and KC after seven weeks culture (LM = 89.1%, KC = 89.2%); however, protocorm development was enhanced on MM after both seven and 16 weeks. Both zeatin and kinetin at 1 μM enhanced seed germination (Zea = 58.1%, Kin = 47.2%). Final percent seed germination (91.7%) and protocorm development (Stage 4) was increased in the absence of light (0/24 h L/D). In␣vitro seedlings cultured under 8/16 h L/D conditions produced the highest number of tubers per seedling (1.06) with the greatest tuber (42.7 μg) and shoot (fwt = 69.5 μg) biomass and tuber diameter (3.1 mm).     

发酵肥与秸杆还田对土壤微生物区系与作物产量的影响

土壤中施入不发酵新鲜粪肥时土壤细菌与放线菌数量明显增加,当施入发酵肥时对土壤微生物活性影响较小;在施发酵肥基础上再进行秸杆还田,土壤微生物活性明显提高,作物获得持续丰产。单一秸杆还田也能提高土壤微生物活性,但当年无增产效果,在秸杆还田时喷雾接种木霉（Ｔｒｉｃｈｏｄｅｍａｋｏｎｉｎｇｉ）４５６—２与固氮菌（Ａｚ．ｖｉｎｅｌａｎｄｉｉ）２３０,当年获得增产效果。     

四种天牛的核型比较研究

为弄清天牛的核型特征, 补充我国天牛染色体分类特征和天牛细胞分类学的基础研究空缺, 本文以4种沟胫天牛亚科天牛为研究对象, 选取天牛的分裂旺盛组织精巢（卵巢）和中肠, 在不同的条件下进行天牛染色体玻片的制备和观察。结果显示： 4种天牛染色体数目均为 2n = 20, 性别决定机制为Xy_p。其中, 云斑白条天牛Batocera lineolata的核型公式： 4L+5M+Xy_p, 大型染色体4对, 中型染色体5对, 性染色体为小型; 榉白背粉天牛Olenecamptus cretaceus marginatus、 中华八星粉天牛Olenecamptus octopustulatus chinensis（粉天牛属）和桑天牛Apriona germari的核型公式均为： 5L+4M+Xy_p, 大型染色体5对, 中型染色体4对, 性染色体为中型。粉天牛属的榉白背粉天牛和中华八星粉天牛的核型指数非常相近; 桑天牛的染色体公式虽然与粉天牛属相同, 但长度和着丝粒位置明显不同。