基于MapObjects的稻水象甲疫情呈报地理信息系统

【背景】稻水象甲是我国最具危害性的外来入侵物种之一,自1996年传人福建省以来,对当地农民增产、增收及粮食安全生产构成了极大威胁。【方法】依据1996～2008年福建省稻水象甲发生面积数据,结合GIS技术和数据库管理技术,以VisualBasic6．0为开发语言,Access2003为Geodatabase空间数据库、MapObjects2．0为地图开发组件,开发了福建省稻水象甲疫情呈报系统。【结果】本系统实现了稻水象甲疫情实时呈报、基于GIS地理分布查询、专题地图制作等功能。专题地图制作和可扩展性是本系统的两大特点,用户不需要专业的GIS和计算机知识,就可以生成一套适合自己的植物疫情呈报系统,为农业病虫害防治工作提供疫情呈报与GIS查询服务。【结论与意义】本系统为稻水象甲的实时监测、防控工作提供了管理工具;界面友好、操作简单且可扩展性良好,便于基层普及应用。     

稻水象甲卵的空间分布型及抽样技术研究

本文利用Taylor幂法则和Iwao回归法对稻水象甲LissorhoptrusoryzophilusKuschel卵的空间分布型进行了测定 ,结果表明稻水象甲卵在田间呈聚集分布 ,且符合负二项分布 ,k值为 0 4 796。其种群聚集主要是由环境因子引起的。应用Iwao的抽样模型建立了稻水象甲卵的田间理论抽样数公式 :N =1D2 1 784 6M + 0 2 4 2 5 。并根据Gerrard的零频率模型建立了估计该种群平均密度的零频率模型 :X =1 5 787( -lnP0 ) 1 0 62 5。     

小型植保无人机超低量喷雾防治稻水象甲

【目的】通过建立适宜新疆荒漠绿洲特殊生态环境的稻水象甲超低量喷雾技术,为稻水象甲的大面积统防统治提供新型施药技术。【方法】以小型遥控多旋翼植保无人机(UAV)为施药机械,以稻水象甲常规喷雾防效大于90%的药剂为首选药剂,开展了药剂、施药量、助剂以及施药机型的筛选试验。【结果】施药后3、7、14和21 d虫口密度高于防治指标的样地所占比例依次为35.71%、21.43%、35.71%和78.57%。30%氯虫·噻虫嗪187.5 mL·hm~(-2)防效最佳,14 d药效高达93.43%;药后21 d,球孢白僵菌3000 mL·hm~(-2)的防效最高,达84.65%。各药剂施药量与防效呈正相关。此外,UAV喷雾防治稻水象甲时,添加助剂的平均防效可提高22.29%~28.49%。【结论】在农业精准施药、绿色生产中,综合考虑供试药剂的施药量、持效期、防效和药后存活虫量,建议以30%氯虫·噻虫嗪SC和14%氯虫·高氯氟CS作为全程以UAV为施药机械防治稻水象甲的首选药剂,在稻水象甲种群发展前中期优先考虑低浓度施药量;同时,为避免UAV在实际作业中药液雾滴发生飘失和流失问题,可以考虑添加飞防助剂提升防效。     

不同生物药剂对稻水象甲的毒力、拒食活性及防效分析

【目的】防治稻水象甲的现有常规化学药剂的大量施用所引发的环境问题越发突出,而其生物药剂单一,加之天敌匮乏,故开展符合绿色生产标准的低毒、低残留、无污染生物药剂的筛选已成为稻水象甲防治工作所面临的首要任务。【方法】以越冬代稻水象甲成虫为试虫,采用室内点滴、田间喷雾等方法,对5种符合绿色生产标准药剂的毒力、拒食活性、防效及药后取食量等指标进行了测定和综合评价。【结果】室内生测方面:72 h后对处理稻水象甲成虫的室内毒力显著;此外,对试验前后的取食斑面积进行比较,发现药后各药剂拒食活性差异显著,均表现出较好的拒食作用。田间药效方面:除0.6%苦参碱AS外,其他药剂对稻水象甲均表现出较好的防效,100亿个孢子·m L~(-1)白僵菌OD、1.5%除虫菊素AS、7.5%鱼藤酮EC和6%乙基多杀菌素SC这4种药剂15 d的田间防效为51.24%~82.55%;3 d后各处理组田间新增取食斑数、取食长度均显著低于对照组。【结论】在绿色水稻生产中,100亿个孢子·m L~(-1)白僵菌OD、1.5%除虫菊素AS、7.5%鱼藤酮EC和6%乙基多杀菌素SC均具有较好的推广价值,可用于稻水象甲的防治。     

Plant-mediated interactions between the rice water weevil and fall armyworm in rice

Greenhouse studies were conducted to investigate plant-mediated interactions between an above-ground and a below-ground herbivore when sharing a common host plant, rice (Oryza sativa L). Two common pests of rice were used: the rice water weevil (RWW), Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel, as the root herbivore, and the fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) as the foliage-feeding herbivore. Rice water weevil larval performance was assessed by measuring larval density and average weight in response to different levels of defoliation by FAW larvae. The reciprocal experiment was done to evaluate FAW performance (growth rate) in response to RWW feeding. Severe defoliation by FAW decreased RWW densities by 32% and reduced larval weights by 48% compared to larvae on roots of non-defoliated plants. Effects in the converse experiments were not as strong. FAW growth rates were reduced 9–37% when feeding on rice leaves from plants damaged by RWW compared to larvae feed leaves from the no damage treatment. These reciprocal negative effects show that RWW and FAW are potential competitors when sharing a rice plant. Because RWW and FAW did not interact directly, competition was plant-mediated.     

The effects of feeding by the rice water weevil, Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel, on the growth and yield components of rice, Oryza sativa

Abstract 1 The effects of feeding by larvae of the rice water weevil, Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel, on the growth and yield components of rice, Oryza sativa, were evaluated using four varieties of rice, ‘Cocodrie’, ‘Cypress’, ‘Bengal’ and ‘XP1003’, over 2 years. 2 Both adults and larvae of L. oryzophilus feed on rice plants, but it is feeding by the larval stage that causes economic losses. Feeding by L. oryzophilus larvae resulted in extensive damage to root systems. Pruning of root systems resulted in a decrease in tiller number and shoot biomass of rice plants in the vegetative stage of growth. 3 Yield losses were due to a combination of decreases in panicle densities, numbers of grains per panicle, and grain weights. Decreases in panicle densities were a direct result of the reductions in tiller numbers. Reductions in numbers of grains per panicle and grain weights probably resulted from decreases in shoot biomass. 4 Injury by rice water weevil larvae is chronic. The tillering stage of rice suffered the majority of weevil damage, but the growth effects were not manifested until later.     

基于ISSR分子标记技术的稻水象甲遗传多样性研究

稻水象甲Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel是一种世界性的水稻害虫,已侵入我国23个省市区,发生面积近千万亩。为弄清我国不同地区稻水象甲的遗传多样性水平、居群间的遗传分化及可能的扩散路线,本研究采用ISSR分子标记技术分析了我国13个省28个地区稻水象甲样本的遗传多样性。利用15条ISSR引物共扩增得到258条带,其中247条为多态性条带。在物种水平上,稻水象甲的多态位点百分率(PPB)为95.73%,Nei's基因多样性(H)为0.3578,Shannon信息多样性指数(I)为0.5330;在居群水平上,以上3项指标的平均值分别为46.28%、0.1768、0.2620。Nei's基因分化系数Gst为0.5059,表明有50.59%的遗传变异存在于居群间,49.41%的遗传变异存在于居群内,居群间表现出较高水平的遗传分化。通过UPGMA聚类可将稻水象甲28个居群分成2大支系:安徽池州、安徽合肥、云南嵩明、云南曲靖、江西南昌、四川盐亭、辽宁盘锦、辽宁东港、山西太原、山东东营、天津蓟县、陕西城固、河北唐山、云南寻甸等14个居群聚成第一个分支;贵州、贵州开阳、贵州龙里、贵州贵阳、贵州修文、四川隆昌、四川泸州、湖北武当山、湖北荆门、湖北利川、湖南宁乡、湖南双峰、湖南邵阳、天津宝坻等聚成第二个分支。     

Proteolytic gut activities in the rice water weevil,Lissorhoptrus brevirostris Suffrian (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Digestive endoprotease activities of the rice water weevil, Lissorhoptrus brevirostris Suffrian (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), were characterized based on the ability of gut extracts to hydrolyze specific synthetic substrates, optimal pH, and hydrolysis sensitivity to protease inhibitors. Larvae of this species were found to use a complex proteolytic system that includes cathepsin D-, cathepsin B-, trypsin-, and chymotrypsin-like activities. Trypsin-like activity was evenly distributed among the anterior, middle, and posterior portions of the gut, whereas cathepsin B- and cathepsin D-like activities were mainly located in the anterior and middle sections, and the chymotrypsin-like activity was highest in the middle and posterior sections. Gelatin-containing native-PAGE gels indicated the presence of several aspartyl, cysteine, and serine protease forms and confirmed the spatial organization of the proteolytic digestive process.     

The influence of rice plant age on susceptibility to the rice water weevil,Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus

Plant age‐ and plant stage‐related changes in the resistance of rice, Oryza sativa, to its most important insect pest in the US, the rice water weevil (Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus), were investigated in a series of field and greenhouse choice and no‐choice studies. Rice plants were susceptible to infestation by rice water weevils over a broad range of plant ontogenetic stages, from at least the early vegetative stage to well into the reproductive stage. There was, however, a clear preference expressed by rice water weevils in both choice and no‐choice experiments for plants in (or nearly in) the tillering stage of development, with pre‐tillering and reproductive stage plants less preferred. The relationship between rice plant age and susceptibility to weevils is thus nonlinear. This study constitutes one of the most thorough studies to date of the relationship in a grass species between plant age and susceptibility to herbivores. The results provide a biological explanation for observed patterns of weevil infestations and a rationale for the cultural practice of delayed flooding.     

稻水象甲在新疆的潜在分布及适生性研究

【目的】通过精准开展稻水象甲在新疆荒漠绿洲稻区的适生性研究,旨在为新疆地区该重大外来有害生物的科学防控提供指导。【方法】基于19个环境因子和64个稻水象甲在新疆及内地重要代表性发生地的最新地理分布点信息,采用MaxEnt模型与ArcGIS 10.2软件进行具体分析,预测稻水象甲在新疆的最新潜在分布区,并划分风险等级。【结果】稻水象甲在新疆荒漠绿洲稻区的适生区域主要集中在北疆天山北坡和伊犁河谷一带,以及南疆阿克苏地区和克州的部分区域,其非适生区占新疆总面积的79.97%,低适生区占7.34%,适生区占10.84%,高适生区则仅占1.85%。【结论】稻水象甲在新疆继续扩散的趋势与危害风险依然较大,其中,年平均温(bio1)、等温性(bio3)、最湿季平均温(bio8)、最暖季的降雨量(bio18)和最热月的高温(bio5)是影响稻水象甲在新疆潜在扩散的主要环境因子。