橐吾属的起源、演化与地理分布

橐吾属Ligularia Cass．是菊科千里光族款冬亚族的一个大属。在款冬亚族中本属与大吾风草属 Farfugium Lindl．亲缘关系最近,但进化程度较高。本属包括6组,11系129种。所有种类均分布在 亚洲,仅2种扩散至欧洲。在东亚地区有119种,占该属总种数的96％。高度集中在横断山区的有4组、 6系67种,其中61种为特有种,占该属总组数的66％,总系数的54．5％,总种数的52％。这个事实 表明了横断山区是该属的多度中心和多样化中心。通过性状分析,伞房组伞房系Sect．Corymbosae, Ser．Calthifoliae叶肾形,具掌状叶脉,头状花序大而少,排列呈伞房状,总苞半球形,被认为是该属的 原始类群。原始种齿叶橐吾L. dentata和鹿蹄橐吾L.hodgsonii的分布区从我国四川东部经过湖北、湖 南、安徽、福建等省至日本。这个分布格局与近缘属大吴风草属Farfugium一致。 根据共同起源原理,这两个属的祖先极有可能就发生在这一地区。因此我们推测东亚地区从中国四 川东部至日本这一地区是本属的发源地,然而根据地质历史和现代分布,作者认为中国中部(包括四川 东部)是本属的初始起源地。该属起源后,基本上沿亚洲南缘的山地扩散,少数种类向东北至亚洲东北部。本属起源时间至少不晚于中白垩纪。     

土著入侵种黄帚橐吾的替代防控展望

黄帚橐吾是青藏高原高寒草场中分布最广、危害极大的优势毒草,严重影响了该地区群落结构和草地畜牧业的发展。在介绍土著入侵种和替代防控概念及相关研究进展的基础上,针对黄帚橐吾目前缺乏高效经济生态防控措施的现状,结合国内外对入侵植物进行替代防控的经验与原则,提出了对黄帚橐吾进行替代防控的生态防控设想和黄帚橐吾替代植物选用的基本原则,初步划定了防控黄帚橐吾的替代植物范围。通过引种或者驯化乡土草种,在青藏高原培育禾本科、豆科植物或者建植禾豆混播人工草地,使其具备替代防控黄帚橐吾的潜力。     

高寒草甸黄帚橐吾种群根际/非根际土壤可培养微生物群落特征

黄帚橐吾（Ligularia virgaurea）是高寒草甸常见的毒杂草,被认为是指示一个地区草地植被退化的重要物种,研究其根际/非根际土壤微生物在不同海拔梯度上的群落特征具有重要意义。以甘南州高寒草甸不同海拔梯度黄帚橐吾根际/非根际土壤可培养微生物为研究对象,采用稀释涂布平板法和最大可能数法（MPN）测定了土壤微生物的数量及土壤理化因子的变化。结果表明：细菌在微生物总数中占比最大,根际微生物数量随海拔升高呈先增加后减小的变化,非根际则表现为递增的趋势,微生物功能群在根际和非根际土壤中均逐渐增加;根际土壤的微生物和功能群数量均高于非根际土壤。RDA分析发现,土壤温度、有机碳、电导率、pH、全氮、全磷、速效氮及脲酶对根际/非根际土壤微生物数量及功能群变化影响较大。通径分析可知：根际土壤中,细菌和真菌受速效氮和有机碳影响较大,放线菌主要受土壤温度和电导率的影响;根际土壤固氮菌和氨化细菌决策系数速效氮 > 有机碳 > 全氮;根际和非根际土壤中硝化细菌的影响因子各不相同,根际土壤决策系数最大和最小分别为全磷和全氮,非根际则是pH和脲酶。     

Chemical and genetic differentiation of Ligularia tsangchanensis in Yunnan and Sichuan provinces of China

The intraspecific diversity in L. tsangchanensis collected in the Chinese Provinces Yunnan and southwestern Sichuan was studied by chemical and genetic approaches. The samples collected in Yunnan were found to contain cacalol (1) as the sole major component, while samples from Sichuan contained 7alpha- and 7beta-eremophila-9,11-dien-8-one (5 and 6) as well as the 3alpha-angeloyloxy derivative 7 as major components. In addition, the sequences of the internal transcribed spacers (ITSs) of the ribosomal RNA gene indicated that the Yunnan and the Sichuan samples constitute separate clades. These results demonstrate that L. tsangchanensis in Yunnan and Sichuan are distinct.     

Chemical and genetic diversity of Ligularia latihastata and Ligularia villosa in Yunnan Province of China

The chemical constituents of the root extracts and the nucleotide sequences of the atpB-rbcL intergenic region of Ligularia latihastata and L. villosa, collected in northwestern Yunnan Province, were studied. In the twelve collected samples of L. latihastata, two major benzofurans, 5,6-dimethoxy-2-(1-methylethenyl)-1-benzofuran (1) and euparin (2) were detected as major components. The minor compound (2R*,3S*)-5-acetyl-2,3-dihydro-6-hydroxy-2-(1-methylethenyl)-1-benzofuran-3-yl (2Z)-2-[(acetoxy)methyl]but-2-enoate (4) was found to be susceptible to artifact formation upon extraction with EtOH. The intra-specific diversity in chemical composition of the samples was small, but the diversity in the atpB-rbcL sequence was fairly large. Compounds 1 and 2 were also found in the three collected samples of L. villosa, indicating that the two species are chemically close to each other, in agreement with morphological taxonomy.     

Effects of light on the growth and clonal reproduction of Ligularia virgaurea

Ligularia virgaurea is a perennial herb that is widely distributed in the alpine meadow on the eastern Qinghai-Tibet plateau.We investigated the patterns of growth and reproduction of L.virgaurea under two contrasting levels of light conditions for two continuous growing seasons.Our results showed that the light affects on the maximum relative growth rate,the shoot weight ratio and the root weight ratio differed between the two growing seasons.L.virgaurea reproduced initially through rhizome in the second growing season,rather than sexual reproduction.The proportion of genets with clonal reproduction decreased under shaded conditions.A minimum genet size should be attained for clonal reproduction to begin under the shaded conditions.There was a positive linear relationship between clonal reproduction and genet size.Light level affected the allocation of total biomass to clonal structures,with less allocation under the full natural irradiance than under the shaded conditions.There seemed to be a trade-off between vegetative growth and clonal reproduction under the full natural irradiance,in terms of smaller relative growth rates of genets with clonal reproduction than those without clonal reproduction.L.virgaurea emphasized clonal reproduction under the full natural irradiance,while the plant emphasized vegetative growth under the shaded conditions.     

Oplopane Sesquiterpenes from Ligularia knorringiana and Their Anti‐Complementary Activity

Three new oplopane sesquiterpenes, knorringianalarins D – F ( 1 – 3 , respectively), and five known analogues ( 4 – 8 , respectively), were isolated from the roots and rhizomes of Ligularia knorringiana. The structures of three new compounds were identified as 4‐acetoxy‐11α,12‐epoxy‐2β‐hydroxy‐3β‐(2‐methylbutyryloxy)‐9α‐(4‐methylsenecioyloxy)oplop‐10(14)‐ene ( 1 ), 3β,4‐diacetoxy‐9α‐(4‐acetoxy‐4‐methylsenecioyloxy)‐11α,12‐epoxy‐8α‐(2‐methylbutyryloxy)oplop‐10(14)‐ene ( 2 ), and (1R,5R,6R,7R,9R)‐5,9,11‐trihydroxy‐4,15‐dinoroplop‐10(14)‐en‐3‐one ( 3 ) based on spectroscopic methods including 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR, mass spectrometry, and CD spectroscopy techniques. All compounds were evaluated for their anti‐complementary activity on the classical pathway of the complement system in vitro. Among which, three oplopane sesquiterpenes ( 3 , 7 , and 8 ) exhibited better anti‐complementary effects with CH₅₀ values ranging from 0.33 to 0.89 mm , which are plausible candidates for developing potent anti‐complementary agents.     

蹄叶橐吾根的化学成分研究

从蹄叶橐吾（Ligularia fischeri）的根中分离得到13个化合物,通过波谱学等方法鉴定为2-hydrox-platyphyllide（1）,liguhodgsonal（2）,nsujapone（3）,6’-亚油酰基田-胡萝卜苷（4）,Luped（5）,6,7-二羟基香豆素（6）,3-谷甾醇（7）,胡萝卜苷（8）,（25,3S,4R,12E）-N-[2’-（R）-羟基二十二碳酰基]-1,3,4-三羟基-2-氨基-二十碳-12-烯（9）,单硬脂酸甘油酯（10）,α-羟基二十四烷酸（11）,1,3-二棕榈酸甘油酯（12）,二十七烷醇（13）。其中化合物1—6为首次从该种植物中分离得到。     

Phytochemical Investigation and Cytotoxic Evaluation of the Components of the Medicinal Plant Ligularia atroviolacea

A phytochemical investigation of the roots of Ligularia atroviolacea resulted in the isolation of 24 compounds including seven new eremophilanoids named eremophila‐3,7(11),8‐triene‐12,8;14,6α‐diolide ( 1 ), 3β‐(angeloyloxy)eremophil‐7(11)‐en‐12,8β‐olid‐14‐oic acid ( 2 ), 1α‐chloro‐10β‐hydroxy‐6β‐(2‐methylpropanoyloxy)‐9‐oxo‐7,8‐furoeremophilane ( 3 ), (10βH)‐8‐oxoeremophila‐3(4),6(7)‐diene‐12,14‐dioic acid ( 4 ), (10αH)‐8‐oxoeremophila‐3(4),6(7)‐diene‐12,14‐dioic acid ( 5 ), 8β‐[eremophila‐3′,7′(11′)‐diene‐12′,8′α;14′,6′α‐diolide]eremophila‐3,7(11)‐diene‐12,8α;14,6α‐diolide ( 6 ), and ligulatrovine A ( 7 ), eleven known eremophilanoids, 8 – 18 , four steroids, one glucose derivative, and one fatty acid. The structures of these compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic methods including 2D‐NMR experiments. The structure of 3 was also established by an X‐ray diffraction study. The in vitro cytotoxicity evaluation of selected compounds was performed on seven cultured tumor cell lines, i.e., KB, BEL‐7404, A549, HL‐60, HeLa, CNE, and P‐388D1. The preliminary taxonomy of this species was also discussed, and the possible biogenesis of a dimer possessing a new noreremophilanoid type skeleton, 7 , is presented in a preliminary form.