邻单胞菌(Plesiomonas sp.90-1)降解直链烷基苯磺酸钠酶的诱导

在Plesiomonas sp.90-1中,降解直链烷基苯环酸钠(LAS)相关的酶为诱导酶.使用正交多因子法研究了细胞降解LAS酶活诱导的最佳条件为:细胞培养温度30℃,LAS诱导浓度10ppm,酵母膏0.008%,pH8.0,通气.在此条件下,LAS酶活比未经诱导者提高1.4倍.碳源的加入会阻遏LAS降解酶的活力形成.在所试氮源中,以(NH_4)H_2PO_4对LAS降解酶的形成最有利.低浓度的磷酸盐对LAS降解酶活形成无影响,但高浓度的磷酸盐对LAS降解酶活形成不利.利用微量检压技术发现经此条件诱导的细胞耗氧量上升2—3倍.     

Similar active sites in lysostaphins and D-Ala-D-Ala metallopeptidases

Specific peptidases exist for nearly every amide linkage in peptidoglycan. In several cases, families of peptidoglycan hydrolases with different specificities turned out to be related. Here we show that lysostaphin-type peptidases and D-Ala-D-Ala metallopeptidases have similar active sites and share a core folding motif in otherwise highly divergent folds. The central Zn(2+) is tetrahedrally coordinated by two histidines, an aspartate, and a water molecule. The Zn(2+) chelating residues occur in the order histidine, aspartate, histidine in all sequences and contact the metal via the Nepsilon, the Odelta, and the Ndelta, respectively. The identity of the other active-site residues varies, but in all enzymes of known structure except for VanX, a conserved histidine is present two residues upstream of the second histidine ligand to the Zn(2+). As the same arrangement of active-site residues is also found in the N-terminal, cryptic peptidase domain of sonic hedgehog, we propose that this arrangement of active-site residues be called the "LAS" arrangement, because it is present in lysostaphin-type enzymes, D-Ala-D-Ala metallopeptidases, and in the cryptic peptidase in the N-domain of sonic hedgehog.     

Sorption isotherms and kinetics in the primary biodegradation of anionic surfactants by immobilized bacteria: I. Pseudomonas C12B

The surfactant-degrading biocatalyst Pseudomonas C12B was immobilized by covalent linking on silanized inorganic supports and by physical entrapment of cells within reticulated polyurethane foam. Both immobilized biocatalysts have been shown to be appropriate for the effective primary biodegradation of the anionic surfactants sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), dodecylbenzene sulphonic acid (DBS), dioctyl sulphosuccinate (DOSS) and dihexyl sulphosuccinate (DHSS). The overall surfactant removal from water by cells entrapped in reticulated polyurethane foam exhibits a biphasic process, a rapid sorption step of the surfactant onto the cell-loaded support and the intrinsic primary biodegradation slower step, both acting cooperatively. The optimization of variables for the adsorption and the biodegradation processes (flow rate, particle size, substrate concentration) have been studied. Sorption isotherms for the surfactants on reticulated polyurethane foam have been established as type II of the Brunauer, Deming, Deming and Teller (BDDT) classification. The kinetics of the primary biodegradation of SDS by cells covalent linked on sepiolite treated with 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane (APTS) were found to be first-order. In this case, surfactant adsorption does not exist.     

Formation of metabolites during biodegradation of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate in an upflow anaerobic sludge bed reactor under thermophilic conditions.

Biodegradation of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) was shown in an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor under thermophilic conditions. The reactor was inoculated with granular biomass and fed with a synthetic medium and 3 micromol/L of a mixture of LAS with alkylchain length of 10 to 13 carbon atoms. The reactor was operated with a hydraulic retention time of 12 h with effluent recirculation in an effluent to influent ratio of 5 to 1. A sterile reactor operated in parallel revealed that sorption to sludge particles initially accounted for a major LAS removal. After 8 days of reactor operation, the removal of LAS in the reactor inoculated with active granular biomass exceeded the removal in the sterile reactor inoculated with sterile granular biomass. The effect of sorption ceased after 185 to 555 h depending on the LAS homologs. 40% of the LAS was biodegraded, and the removal rate was 0.5 x 10(-6) mol/h/mL granular biomass. Acidified effluent from the reactor was subjected to dichloromethane extraction followed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Benzenesulfonic acid and benzaldehyde were detected in the reactor effluent from the reactor with active granular biomass but not in the sterile and unamended reactor effluent. Benzenesulfonic acid and benzaldehyde are the first identified degradation products in the anaerobic degradation of LAS.     

Microbial biodegradation of organic wastes containing surfactants in a continuous-flow reactor

In a continuous flow bioreactor seeded with microbes from municipal activated sludge, complete organic carbon oxidation of simulated graywater (wastewater produced in human residences, excluding toilet wastes) was achieved at dilution rates up to 0.36 h⁻¹ in the presence of 64.1 μ M linear alkylbenzenesulfonate (LAS) L⁻¹. At LAS concentrations of 187 μ M, the system functioned only at dilution rates up to 0.23 h⁻¹, and the biomass yield was two-fold lower. There were physiological changes in the microbial communities under different operating conditions, as measured by specific contents of ATP and extracellular hydrolases as well as the respiratory potential of the biomass. LAS inhibited the activity of LAS-degrading microbes at >150  μ M LAS, and the activity of other microbes at >75 μ M LAS. Chemical analysis of graywater indicated that samples consisted primarily of biological polymers (proteins and polysaccharides) and lower concentrations of surfactants. Biological remediation of graywater is possible, although treatment efficiency is influenced by the operating conditions and wastestream composition. Received 08 July 1996/ Accepted in revised form 14 November 1996     

塔式生物滤池处理洗涤剂工业废水的模拟试验

本项研究工作表明,塔式生物滤池在处理模拟洗涤剂工业废水时,能够适应和克服一般好氧生化法所不能解决的泡沫问题,并对废水中的LAS和COD具有一定的去除效果。根据实验结果,初步认为塔滤可应用于洗涤剂工业废水的生化处理,并向洗涤剂行业首次推荐这种废水生物学净化方法。从塔滤的生物膜中分离出了优势菌,经鉴定为一种气单胞菌(Aeromonas sp. D-4)。     

Inhibition of Biogas Production by Alkyl Benzene Sulfonates (LAS) in a Screening Test for Anaerobic Biodegradability

The effect of the inoculum source on the digestion of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS) under anaerobic conditions has been investigated. The potential for primary and ultimate LAS biodegradation of anaerobic sludge samples obtained from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) of different geographical locations was studied applying a batch test system. It was found that only 4–22% of the LAS added to the batch anaerobic digesters was primarily transformed suggesting a poor primary degradation of the LAS molecule in anaerobic discontinuous systems. Regarding ultimate biodegradation, the addition of LAS to the batch anaerobic digesters caused a reduction on the extent of biogas production. Significant differences in the inhibition extent of the biogas production were observed (4–26%) depending on the sludge used as inoculum. Effect of the surfactant on the anaerobic microorganisms was correlated with its concentration in the aqueous phase. Sorption of LAS on anaerobic sludge affects its toxicity by depletion of the available fraction of the surfactant. LAS content on sludge was related to the total amount of calcium and magnesium extractable ions. The presence of divalent cations promote the association of LAS with anaerobic sludge reducing its bioavailability and the extent of its inhibitory effect on the biogas production.     

DNA microarray mediated transcriptional profiling of Nitrosomonas europaea in response to linear alkylbenzene sulfonates

Linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS) constitute, quantitatively, the most important group of synthetic surfactants used today. We studied the gene expression of Nitrosomonas europaea in response to LAS using a DNA microarray because ammonia-oxidizers are thought to be more sensitive to LAS than other microorganisms. Our objective was to elucidate which genes are expressed for N. europaea in response to LAS exposure. Microarray analysis and real-time PCR assay revealed that c. 30 genes were significantly expressed after LAS exposure, in particular genes associated with energy production and conversion. Our findings demonstrate that physical disruption of membrane structures, which contain enzymes associated with energy production and conversion, might be an important explanation for the high sensitivity of N. europaea to LAS exposure.     

降解直链烷基苯磺酸钠真菌的分离鉴定及其降解特性

从直链烷基苯磺酸钠(LAS)污染土壤中分离到12株能降解LAS的真菌。经鉴定,它们分属于青霉属(Prnicillium)、曲霉属(Aspergillus)、帚霉属(Scopulariopsis)和头孢霉属(Cephalosporium)。研究了Aspergillus f-11降解LAS酶活诱导生成的条件及降解LAS的特点。还利用液相色谱对真菌和细菌降解LAS的产物进行了比较。