Photoreceptor membrane breakdown in the spider Dinopis: GERL differentiation in the receptors

Summary In the spider Dinopis, retinae of the posterior median eyes synthesise new photoreceptor membrane in bulk at dusk and destroy it at dawn (Blest, 1978). During the dawn period, there is a rapid, anticipatory differentiation of unusual organelles from the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) in the intermediate segments of the receptors. This system is classified as GERL. Its products appear to play a role in the autolysis of photoreceptor membrane. Consistent topographical relationship to Golgi bodies has not been determined. Circumscribed regions of RER whorls first reorganise to yield fenestrated profiles; these differentiate further to a number of structures by condensation and loss of ribosomes. Smooth tubular profiles are termed rigid tubules to indicate their probable homology with the rigid lamellae of vertebrate secretory cells. More complex smooth multilocular bodies are also produced. Evidence is discussed which implies that both rigid tubules and multilocular bodies give rise to condensing vacuoles. These, in turn, pinch off coated vesicles assembled as Nebenkerne. Some rigid tubules are transported to the interrhabdomeral cytoplasm of the receptive segments. At late stages of differentiation, rigid tubules, multilocular bodies and Nebenkerne give strong, positive responses to zinc iodide-osmium tetroxide (ZIO) treatment; early stages and both cis and trans Golgi components do not. GERL differentiation is independent of immediate illumination of the retina at dawn. It is suggested to mediate the lysis of membrane degradation products by the production of hydrolases.We thank Professor D.T. Anderson F.R.S. for our use of field facilities at the Crommelin Biological Field Station of Sydney University at Warrah, Pearl Beach, N.S.W., and Andrew and Sally Austin and Sally Stowe for help in the field. We are indebted to Rod Whitty and the Electron Microscopy Unit for advice and support throughout these studies     

藜芦杀虫活性的初步研究

先后以乙醇、氯仿和正丁醇为溶剂,提取了熊耳山区植物藜芦根茎中的活性物质。得到3个提取物:乙醇提取物、氯仿萃取物和正丁醇萃取物,产率分别为2.93%、1.14%和0.58%。测定了3种溶剂萃取物对粘虫、蚜虫、朱砂叶螨和蚊幼虫的毒杀活性。结果说明:这几种提取物都具有良好的毒杀效果。氯仿提取物对3龄粘虫有很强的拒食作用;乙醇提取物对4龄蚊幼虫的杀虫活性最高;3种溶剂萃取物对蚜虫的毒杀能力大小次序为:氯仿提取物>正丁醇提取物>乙醇提取物;对朱砂叶螨的毒杀力大小为:乙醇提取物>氯仿提取物>正丁醇提取物。采用试管反应法和层析法对藜芦根茎提取物进行化学成分预试,结果显示:乙醇提取物、氯仿提取物和正丁醇提取物中均含有生物碱类活性物质。     

茶足柄瘤蚜茧蜂对苜蓿蚜的寄生功能反应

在室内(25±1℃,L:D=16:8光周期,RH=40%～60%)条件下,研究了茶足柄瘤蚜茧蜂Lysiphlebus testaceipes(Cresson)对苜蓿蚜Aphis craccivora(Koch)若蚜的寄生功能反应。结果表明:苜蓿蚜的龄期对茶足柄瘤蚜茧蜂的寄生作用有很大影响,用功能反应HollingⅡ模型模拟,其模拟方程为Na=1.118 N/(1+0.0184 N)。通过该方程可明确单头雌成蜂在24 h内最多寄生60.60头苜蓿蚜,其寄生1头苜蓿蚜所需时间为0.396 h。在5个温度梯度下,茶足柄瘤蚜茧蜂对苜蓿蚜的寄生功能反应均符合HollingⅡ模型,但不同温度下的功能反应参数有明显的差异。此外茶足柄瘤蚜茧蜂自身密度对寄生有一定的干扰作用,其干扰作用通过Hassell-Varley模型拟合,方程为a=0.0621P-0.3062,表明茶足柄瘤蚜茧蜂雌蜂的发现域随着自身密度的增加而逐渐变小,寄生蜂雌蜂个体间的相互干扰效应降低了寄生效能。     

云南两个花魔芋主产区软腐病害植株腐烂球茎中的菌群组成及特征

【目的】软腐病是侵染魔芋的主要病害,其危害性严重,广泛传播会导致花魔芋绝产,尚无有效防控措施。魔芋软腐病的发生及暴发性传播与病原菌及其菌群有较大相关性。本研究旨在明确云南2个主产区的软腐病害花魔芋球茎及其根际土壤中的主要致病菌和优势微生物种类,分析其菌群结构特征,从而为花魔芋软腐病害的防控提供支撑。【方法】研究采集云南富源和永平2个产区的花魔芋软腐病样品,应用Illumina NovaSeq 6000测序平台进行微生物宏基因组测序和分析。同时采用选择性培养基、多级纯化培养技术以及电镜超微形态解析,分别对病害腐烂球茎中的致病菌及优势菌类进行分离鉴定和观察验证。【结果】两个花魔芋主产区软腐病害植株球茎及土壤中的微生物都非常丰富,共检出107门2 502属15 721种微生物。这2个产区的花魔芋软腐病害主要致病菌均为胡萝卜软腐坚固杆菌(Pectobacterium carotovorum),此病原菌与嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌(Stenotrophomonas maltophilia)的优势生长是2个产区软腐病害植株腐烂球茎中菌群的主要特征。此外,同产区的病害组织与土壤样品之间的菌群组成差异较大,但这2类样品中的优势菌群组成的区域性差异较小。【结论】两个花魔芋主产区软腐病害球茎组织中菌群与该区土壤菌群的相关性较低,土壤菌群区域性差异比相应的病害组织菌群区域性差异要大。因此,主要病原菌和共生菌的优势生长突破了产地差异影响,成为了病害组织菌群的主要特征,使得2个主产区软腐病害花魔芋球茎中的微生物生态系统具有高度相似性。     

<i>Aspergillus tubingensis</i> Causes Leaf Spot of Cotton (<i>Gossypium hirsutum</i> L.) in Pakistan

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is a key fiber crop of great commercial importance. Numerous phytopathogens decimate crop production by causing various diseases. During July-August 2018, leaf spot symptoms were recurrently observed on cotton leaves in Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan and adjacent areas. Infected leaf samples were collected and plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) media. Causal agent of cotton leaf spot was isolated, characterized and identified as Aspergillus tubingensis based on morphological and microscopic observations. Conclusive identification of pathogen was done on the comparative molecular analysis of CaM and β-tubulin gene sequences. BLAST analysis of both sequenced genes showed 99% similarity with A. tubingensis. Koch’s postulates were followed to confirm the pathogenicity of the isolated fungus. Healthy plants were inoculated with fungus and similar disease symptoms were observed. Fungus was re-isolated and identified to be identical to the inoculated fungus. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing the involvement of A. tubingensis in causing leaf spot disease of cotton in Pakistan and around the world.     

盐胁迫对2种珍贵速生树种种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

以1/2Hoagland营养液为基础培养液,研究了在0.1%、0.2%、0.4%和0.6%NaCl胁迫条件下,毛红椿〔Toona ciliata Roem. var. pubescens(Franch.)Hand.-Mazz.〕和水松〔Glyptostrobus pensilis(Staunt.ex D.Don)K.Koch〕的种子萌发和幼苗生长情况。结果表明,随着NaCl浓度的增加,2个树种的种子萌发率和简化苗木活力指数均明显下降,在0.1%、0.2%、0.4%和0.6%NaCl胁迫条件下,毛红椿和水松种子的最终萌发率分别为89.3%、87.3%、62.7%、32.0%和26.0%、16.7%、6.0%、3.3%,简化苗木活力指数分别为1.39~0.08和1.52~0.07,且毛红椿的种子萌发率和简化苗木活力指数均明显高于水松。萌发恢复实验结果表明,高浓度NaCl处理后的种子具有较高的萌发恢复率。根据实验结果初步判定毛红椿种子具有较强的耐盐性。     

一种黑豆蚜储存蛋白质的分离纯化及其亚基的性质

从黑豆蚜 (AphiscraccivoraKoch)血淋巴中经DE5 2纤维素离子交换层析、SephadexG 15 0凝胶过滤以及在FPLC上QSepharose分离出一种蛋白质。该蛋白质经SDS PAGE测定在非还原和还原条件下分子量均为 6 0kD左右 ,等电聚焦电泳测得其等电点约为 5 .0 ,为糖蛋白。若蚜期间该蛋白质在蚜虫体内积累 ,羽化至成蚜时含量明显减少 ,为蚜虫提供发育所需氨基酸 ,在成蚜期间仍以低浓度存在。根据其分子量和氨基酸组成与含量变化动态应属不完全变态昆虫的一种持续性储存蛋白质。     

Morphological and Phylogenetic Resolution of <i>Diplodia neojuniperi</i> Emerging <i>Diplodia</i> Top Dieback of <i>Pinus thunbergii</i> Parl. in China

In Bazhong City, Sichuan Province, China, top dieback symptoms were found on many pine trees (Pinus thunbergii Parl). The tips of old needles first turned grayish-green and then developed into brown bands in the field. Phylogenetic analysis of concatenated ITS and EF1-α indicated the pathogen of this dieback disease as Diplodia neojuniperi. Additionally, effects of temperature, pH and medium on the mycelial growth were also characterized. The most favorable temperature and pH level for mycelial growth are 25°C and 8, respectively. The optimal medium for mycelial growth is PDA medium. To our knowledge, this is the first report of D. neojuniperi causes Diplodia top dieback on Pinus thunbergii. Our results provide fundamental information for monitoring and preventing such disease in the future.     

Aerodynamic advantages of upside down take-off for aerial dispersal in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tetranychus</Emphasis> spider mites

Aerial dispersal may be important for redistribution of spider mites into new habitats. Evidence for behavioral control of aerial take-off has been well documented for Tetranychus urticae Koch. Before aerial dispersal they exhibit the aerial take-off posture that involves lifting the forelegs upright and raising the forebody. However, whether the aerial take-off posture functions to increase drag has remained unclear. The objectives of this study were to clarify: (i) aerodynamic effects of the aerial take-off posture; and (ii) actual aerial take-off behavior in T. urticae. To evaluate the aerodynamic forces experienced by grounded spider mites in different postures, we constructed three-dimensional models of T. urticae, exhibiting the aerial take-off posture and the normal posture, using computer graphics. We found that the aerial take-off posture was effective in receiving greater rearward forces from wind rather than upward forces. As a result, aerial take-off from a horizontal platform is unlikely. Instead, inverted departure surfaces, e.g., lower leaf surfaces, with inclines are likely to be effective sites for take-off. Laboratory experiments and field observations indicated that the mites preferentially adopted such a position for orientation and take-off. Our findings provided a rationale for the take-off behavior of Tetranychus spider mites.     

二点叶螨对甲氰菊酯、氧乐果和四螨嗪抗药性的选育、衰退和恢复

以兰州吐鲁沟公园的二点叶螨Tetranychusurticae为敏感品系 ,分别用氧乐果、甲氰菊酯、四螨嗪喷雾处理 15次 ,其抗性水平分别为 38 5、 479 8和 6 7 3倍。将抗性品系分别与敏感品系进行杂交和回交的结果表明 :抗氧乐果品系的显性系数DRS (R♀×S♂ )为 0 470 0、DSR (S♀×R♂ )为 0 4749;抗甲氰菊酯品系的DRS (R♀×S♂ )为 0 5 15 5 ,DSR 为0 5 2 37;抗四螨嗪品系的DRS为 0 3134 ,DSR 为 0 2 46 6。表明二点叶螨对这 3种药剂的抗性均是由单个不完全显性基因所控制。在连续 10个月不接触药剂的情况下 ,3个抗性品系的抗药性都有下降 ,抗氧乐果品系的抗性下降最快 ,只有敏感品系的抗性倍数的 3 6倍 ;抗甲氰菊酯种群的抗性下降较慢 ,为敏感品系的 95 9倍。再经甲氰菊酯、氧乐果、四螨嗪分别连续15次喷雾处理后 ,3个抗性种群的抗性水平又再度回升 ,抗甲氰菊酯品系回升较快 ,抗性为敏感品系的 5 2 3 5倍 ,抗四螨嗪品系次之 ,抗氧乐果的品系抗性恢复最慢。