黑龙江查哈阳农场石制品的剥片与修理技术

查哈阳农场位于黑龙江省齐齐哈尔市甘南县,地处松嫩平原西缘的嫩江右岸。本文以2018年在查哈阳农场太平湖管理区第八作业区东北的E2地点试掘的石制品为研究对象,从石核的剥片和石器修理的角度对石制品进行技术分析。石核、石片以及石器分析显示,E2地点存在两种剥片技术体系：一是简单剥片技术体系,该技术不存在剥片前对核体的预制过程,以片状石核、大量不规则的石片以及修理程度较低的石器为代表;二是系统剥片技术体系,该技术以剥离石叶（长石片）为最终目的,存在剥片前对核体“几何组织结构”的修型、预制现象,同时伴随台面的预制修理。E2地点的石制品技术分析,可为嫩江流域旧石器时代晚期石器工业面貌的揭示和技术变化的探讨提供新的材料与线索。     

重庆玉米洞遗址石灰岩石器的埋藏实验

埋藏实验是伴随曙石器之争而形成的一种辨别石制品真伪的重要途径。玉米洞遗址是重庆巫山县近年来新发现的以石灰岩石器著称的旧石器时代洞穴遗址,该遗址出土的石灰岩石器因其原料劣质、埋藏环境复杂、加工程度浅而在人工性质的认定上存在一些争议。本文根据玉米洞遗址的地层堆积成因而设计了踩踏实验和滚动实验两种形式,对石灰岩石器进行模拟实验,观察实验标本在人与动物踩踏和滚动作用下发生改变的情况和规律,进而对比出土石制品面貌,为石制品人工属性的认定提供依据和参考,重新审视石灰岩石器。     

L’humanisation au prisme des pierres taillées

Knapped stone tools constitute an interesting evidence of the mental abilities of their makers. Almost imperishable, they bear visible traces of the successive removals they come from, and of the flaking techniques used. On that basis, we present a few remarkable achievements along the evolution of prehistoric lithic technology, and discuss their capabilities. The tools of the oldest Palaeolithic already surpass the nut cracking from Chimpanzees. Some core reductions into flakes, as early as 2.3 My, show a repeated organization of the removals, and the capacity to prevent a problem. The regular and symmetrical hand-axes from Africa and Europe, appearing between 1 and 0.5 My, provide evidence of a mental template and hence a capacity of conceptualization. The Levalloisian core reduction, somewhat more recent, give evidence of a goal structured method: the technical actions were hierarchized and subordinate to morphological intentions.     

Operationalizing niche construction theory with stone tools

One of the greatest difficulties with evolutionary approaches in the study of stone tools (lithics) has been finding a mechanism for tying culture and biology in a way that preserves human agency and operates at scales that are visible in the archaeological record. The concept of niche construction, whereby organisms actively construct their environments and change the conditions for selection, could provide a solution to this problem. In this review, we evaluate the utility of niche construction theory (NCT) for stone tool archaeology. We apply NCT to lithics both as part of the “extended phenotype” and as residuals or precipitates of other niche‐constructing activities, suggesting ways in which archaeologists can employ niche construction feedbacks to generate testable hypotheses about stone tool use. Finally, we conclude that, as far as its applicability to lithic archaeology, NCT compares favorably to other prominent evolutionary approaches, such as human behavioral ecology and dual‐inheritance theory.     

原料产地对中国东北和韩国旧石器时代晚期黑曜岩石器工业的影响

本文以原料产地距离衰减效应为视角,根据目前中国东北地区和韩国旧石器时代晚期黑曜岩石制品的发现情况以及黑曜岩产源地研究成果,结合狩猎采集人群社交网络模型、民族学、考古学资料,对以长白山为核心的黑曜岩源产地对中韩两地的辐射影响作出了直接供应区（天池火山口为圆心辐射半径150~200 km）和接触区（距离天池火山口200 km以上）的划分。在此基础上对比研究两地的黑曜岩石制品,发现由于距离源头产地较远,韩国黑曜岩石制品的数量以及类型丰度均低于中国东北地区。而又由于原料的长距离损耗以及对于原料更加经济的开发利用,导致韩国典型遗址中黑曜岩细石核与完整石片的体积更小,原料缩减更甚。     

丹江口库区王庄、吴家外和岳沟地点发现的石制品

王庄2号地点、吴家外地点和岳沟1号地点位于丹江口库区淅川县。2009年4月,中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所对这3处遗址进行了抢救性考古发掘,每个地点发掘面积100 m²,获得石制品数量分别为13件、33件、13件,包括石核、石片、断块、工具等多种类型。3个地点的原料均属就地取材,与各自所在区域的砾石原料构成有关,从原料选择上能看出古人类的有针对性选择。石器分析显示,3处地点的剥片技术均为硬锤直接锤击法,王庄2号地点和吴家外地点的石器大小、质量、石器面貌与南方砾石工业更接近,而岳沟1号地点则与北方石片石器技术面貌相似,表现出中国南北方主工业类型过渡的特点,为研究晚更新世古人类在汉水流域的适应生存、开发过程提供了一批资料。     

基于Agisoft PhotoScan的石器三维建模与应用

打制石器是了解古人类认知、技术、行为等信息的重要物质载体之一,如何能够更加方便地观察绘制、测量以及展示石器是旧石器时代考古学中基础的研究内容.目前多视角影像三维重建技术在中国考古界应用越来越广泛,尤其是Agisoft PhotoScan软件的应用.相比其他类型遗物,石器的形制及片疤样式具有独特性,在建模过程难度较大.我...     

Luminescence dating and modern human origins

For the most recent evolutionary history of our species, that covering the emergence of anatomically modern humans during the last 100,000 years or more, few dating methods have such a wide range of potential application as luminescence dating. With its ability to provide direct ages in this time range for both archeological and depositional events, and using commonly occurring materials, luminescence seems to be an appropriate tool for almost any location containing modern or near-modern human fossils or artifacts. However, the method is complicated and expensive, depending on variables that may be difficult to estimate in any given situation. This has deterred widespread use, although recent methodological developments have increased accuracy and reliability. An understanding of the potential and limitations of luminescence dating should help students of human origins judge its value and evaluate its applications.     

石制品技术分析的盲测实验

石制品技术研究作为一项拥有60多年历史的研究手段,已经形成了完善的理论体系和操作程式,可以反映古人类的行为特征、认知能力等多方面的信息。技术阅读是石制品技术分析过程中最重要的研究手段之一。其中,对石核剥片过程的复原是技术阅读的核心,也是分析整个石器生产过程的基础,提高石制品技术阅读的准确性是研究人员需要不断追求的目标。本文以采集自宁夏水洞沟遗址附近的白云岩、石英岩等为原料,参照微痕分析的盲测手段,通过石制品打制实验、初步技术阅读（“盲测”）、拼合分析校正、重复交叉技术阅读等方式,揭示影响技术阅读准确性的相关因素,提出提高技术阅读准确性的方法,并对“盲测”实验在石制品技术阅读中的重要性进行简要探讨。     

Exploring Neanderthal skills and lithic economy. The implication of a refitted Discoid reduction sequence reconstructed using 3D virtual analysis

Lithic refitting studies have consistently contributed to address two specific research aims: the intra-site mobility and identification of preferential areas or latent structures, and the in-depth analysis of the knapping technologies and core reduction strategies. Multiple refits, in particular, can produce highly detailed data on knapped stone technology. Elucidating human skills and lithic economy, a potential still rarely evaluated for Discoid technology: a stone knapping method largely spread across the Middle Paleolithic of Europe. The opportunity to explore Neanderthal knapping behavior is provided from the remarkable discovery of a primary lithic waste concentration in the Mousterian Discoid level of the Grotta di Fumane, Italy, dated to at least 47.6 ky cal BP. With a combined approach that included the 3D virtual interaction, we were able to reproduce a complete reduction sequence that supports the technological analysis conducted on the lithic assemblage. Results lead to a better comprehension of the knapper's technological and technical behavior, including the detection and quantification of economic objectives and productivity.