绿竹和麻竹地上部植硅体碳封存潜力

可以在土壤中稳定存在数千年甚至上万年之久的植硅体碳(phytolith-occluded organic carbon,PhytOC)是陆地植物生态系统长期碳封存的重要机制之一。选取福建南靖地区绿竹(Dendrocalamopsis oldhami(Munro)Keng f.)和麻竹(Dendrocalamus latiflorus Munro)两种重要丛生竹为研究对象,采集其竹叶、竹枝和竹秆样品,用微波消解法提取植硅体,采用碱溶法测定植硅体中碳含量,以比较两种丛生竹的植硅体碳封存潜力和封存速率。结果表明:绿竹和麻竹林地上部不同器官中Si含量变幅分别为4.95—37.53 g/kg和2.01—34.05 g/kg,植硅体含量变幅分别为3.35—100.80 g/kg和1.57—84.06 g/kg,两者地上部不同器官中的含量大小顺序均为叶枝秆。绿竹和麻竹林地上部不同器官干物质中的植硅体碳含量变幅分别为0.51—2.85 g/kg和0.17—2.22 g/kg。绿竹和麻竹林地上部PhytOC储量变幅分别为5.1—13.9 kg/hm~2和1.2—6.3 kg/hm~2。绿竹和麻竹地上植株不同器官中的最高PhytOC储量分别为枝和叶。绿竹和麻竹地上部PhytOC总储量分别为24.3 kg/hm~2和11.1 kg/hm~2。绿竹和麻竹林地上部PhytOC封存速率分别为0.051—0.131 t-e-CO_2hm~(-2)a~(-1)和0.0099—0.0139 t-e-CO_2hm~(-2)a~(-1),以绿竹和麻竹的最高PhytOC封存速率计算,我国绿竹林和麻竹林的地上植株部每年可分别封存1965.29 t CO_2和1520.11 t CO_2。     

盐胁迫对金牌美达丽和猎狗种子萌发的影响

用不同浓度的NaCl、KCl、MgSO₄和3种盐的复合溶液胁迫金牌美达丽和猎狗种子,观察其发芽率和萌发后子叶及胚根生长情况,对其进行生态阈限分析。结果表明:金牌美达丽和猎狗种子萌发对盐生境的适应性均很强。低浓度NaCl、KCl及复合盐溶液对猎狗种子萌发有促进作用。随盐胁迫强度上升,发芽率呈逐渐下降趋势,高浓度盐明显延缓种子的初始萌发时间,抑制幼苗正常生长。高浓度盐显著降低种子发芽率,但不同盐分对种子发芽率影响不显著。MgSO₄溶液对种子发芽率没有显著抑制现象,但对金牌美达丽胚根的生长有明显抑制作用。     

小麦族中间鹅观草不同居群的形态多样性分析

小麦族（Triticeae）植物的野外调查、收集通常是以形态学为依据的。为了探讨小麦族植物在野外调查、收集的科学取样策略,本项研究以小麦族具有自花授粉习性的3个中间鹅观草（Roegneria sinica．vat．media Keng）居群、每个居群30个单株为材料,对11个形态学性状的多样性进行了分析。结果表明,3个居群的总遗传多样性指数为1．991,遗传多样性主要集中于居群内（91．76％）,而居群间的遗传变异（8．24％）相对较小;不同取样梯度下的遗传多样性指数随单株取样数目的增加呈现增大趋势,但当取样数目达到18株时,遗传多样性指数达到最高值。上述结果说明,对于小麦族自花授粉植物野外调查、收集时,应以居群为单位,而且每一居群至少应调查、收集18个单株,才能代表居群的遗传多样性。以形态学为依据的取样策略的建立,对于指导野外调查、收集具有现实意义。     

蒙古冰草Lhcb1基因克隆及干旱胁迫下的表达分析

利用同源序列从蒙古冰草(Agropyron mongolicum Keng)克隆得到1个光合作用叶绿体结合a/b基因,命名为MwLhcb1。MwLhcb1基因cDNA全长1 138bp,包含801bp开放阅读框,编码267个氨基酸,蛋白分子量为28.21kD,等电点4.92。该蛋白二级结构中具有Lhcb基因家族的保守结构域。MwLhcb1蛋白氨基酸序列与其他物种同类蛋白相似性均在87%以上,其中与小麦同类蛋白相似性程度最高达99%。实时荧光定量PCR结果显示,MwLhcb1基因主要在茎叶中表达,在根中表达量极少,干旱胁迫影响MwLhcb1基因表达。该研究结果为进一步研究MwLHcb1在蒙古冰草光合作用与抗旱性中的功能奠定了基础,并从基因遗传进化角度证实了蒙古冰草是小麦野生近缘种的观点,从而提出蒙古冰草是小麦抗性改良的理想基因供体。     

Difference in antifungal activity of morphotypes of clavicipitaceous endophytes within and between species

In a previous study, a total of 484 endophytic fungi were isolated and purified from seven populations of Achnatherum sibiricum (L.) Keng collected at six geographical locations in Inner Mongolia, China. Based on growth rates as well as morphological characteristics, the isolates were classified into five morphotypes. Among them, morphotypes A, B and C were ascribed to the same species, Neotyphodium chisosum, based on ITS sequences. Morphotype E was identified as Epichloë amarillans. In the present study, four morphotypes, A, B, C and E, belonging to two species, were chosen for an in vitro pathogen trial. The results showed that both endophyte colonies and endophyte filtrate of all morphotypes could inhibit the mycelia growth and spore germination of the pathogen fungi tested. The magnitude of inhibition varied not only between species, but also among morphotypes of the same species. Overall, the antifungal ability of E. amarillans (morphotype E) was higher than that of N. chisosum. Within N. chisosum, the antifungal ability was highest in morphotype C, followed by morphotype A, and lowest in morphotype B. This variability suggests that different morphotypes might represent different genotypes of endophyte. The effect of endophyte infection on the host grass should be examined not only on the species level but also on the morphotype level to determine the possible interactions.     

盐胁迫下两草种SOD和POD及脯氨酸动态研究

在NaCl、KCl、MgSO₄及其复合盐胁迫下, 研究草坪草-金牌美达丽(Lolium perenne)和猎狗(Fesluca elata) 中脯氨酸含量、超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化物酶活性的变化。结果表明:不同盐分、不同浓度胁迫下脯氨酸含量呈波动式变化, 其峰值出现在较高浓度下, 说明在一定范围内盐胁迫强度越大脯氨酸积累越明显;SOD 的最高值出现在低浓度下, 而最低值无此特点, 不同盐胁迫下的最高值、最低值相差不多, 说明L.perenne 和F.elata 相差不明显;POD 活性随盐浓度增加呈波动性变化, L.perenne (除KCl)和F.elata (除MgSO₄)最高值均出现在低浓度下, L.perenne 的最低值集中在高浓度, 而F.elata 的最低值则集中在低浓度, F.elata在高浓度胁迫下, 处于一个比较稳定的水平, 高于或接近CK, 且各值比较接近, 而在L.perenne 中却没有这一结果。     

华山新麦草叶片的光合生理特性

对华山新麦草(Psathyrostachys huashanica Keng ex P.C.Kuo)营养叶的净光合速率(Pn)和蒸腾速率(Tr)的日变化曲线进行了分析,并在对叶温(Tl)、气孔阻力(Rs)、光合有效辐射强度(PAR)和气温(Ta)的日变化曲线进行测定的基础上分析了它们对华山新麦草Pn的影响规律。结果表明:华山新麦草Pn的日变化曲线呈"三峰"型,峰值分别为6.5、6.2和9.0μmol.m-2.s-1,依次出现在9:30、11:30和16:30,而且具有明显的"午降"现象;Tr的日变化曲线呈"单峰"型,最大值为1.7 mmol.m-2.s-1,出现在13:30;Tl、Rs、PAR和Ta的日变化曲线均呈"单峰"型,峰值分别出现在12:30、11:30、12:30和13:30。华山新麦草的Pn对Tl、PAR和Ta的响应曲线均呈"抛物线"型,Pn在一定范围内与Tl、PAR和Ta呈正相关,随着Tl、PAR和Ta的升高逐渐增加至最大值后逐渐降低;而Pn与Rs则呈负相关,Pn在一定范围内随Rs的增大逐渐降低。根据拟合方程,华山新麦草营养叶的光补偿点和光饱和点分别为1.1和531.5μmol.m-2.s-1,说明该种类具有很强的喜光性,且对光照强度的适应范围较广。研究结果表明:较大的气孔阻力是造成华山新麦草叶片净光合速率偏低的主要原因。     

施氮和供水对混播和单播白羊草叶片叶绿素荧光特性的影响

为明确干旱条件下混播和施氮对白羊草〔Bothriochloa ischaemum(Linn.)Keng〕叶片叶绿素荧光参数的影响,采用盆栽法并设置不同混播比例〔白羊草与柳枝稷(Panicum virgatum Linn.)混播比例分别为8:0、6:2、4:4和2:6〕、施氮水平(即不施氮和1kg干土施01g纯氮)和供水条件(即正常供水和干旱胁迫6d后复水),对白羊草叶片叶绿素荧光参数的变化进行比较分析;在此基础上,采用一般线性模型分析这3个因素及其交互作用对白羊草叶绿素荧光参数的影响效应.结果显示:正常供水条件下,各处理组白羊草的最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)、表观光合电子传递速率(ETR)、光化学淬灭系数(qP)和非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)均无明显变化.干旱及复水条件下,不施氮处理组白羊草的Fv/Fm值在干旱胁迫6 d(即土壤相对含水量最低)时降至最低值,并在复水2 d后恢复至与正常供水条件下相近的水平,而施氮处理组的Fv/Fm值则一直保持与正常供水条件下相近的水平;不论施氮与否,各处理组白羊草的ΦPSⅡ、ETR、qP和NPQ值基本上均表现为在干旱胁迫6 d时达到最高值,并在复水2 d后恢复至正常供水条件下各参数值的90%以上.总体上看,混播白羊草的qP和ETR值均高于单播白羊草,而其NPQ值则低于后者.统计分析结果表明:混播比例、施氮水平和供水条件3个因素间的交互作用对白羊草的ΦPSⅡ、qP和ETR值无显著影响,施氮水平对NPQ值的单独作用、施氮水平和混播比例的交互作用对Fv/Fm值以及施氮水平和供水条件的交互作用对ETR值也无显著影响,但这3个因素的单独作用及两两因素间的交互作用对白羊草其余叶绿素荧光参数均有显著或极显著影响.研究结果表明:一定程度的干旱胁迫有利于提高白羊草叶片PSⅡ反应中心的开放程度、光合电子传递速率和热耗散过剩光能的能力;在干旱胁迫条件下,施氮有助于白羊草叶片维持PSⅡ反应中心的活性和光化学效率;并且,与柳枝稷适度混播可改善白羊草叶片的光合性能,提高其种间竞争适应性.     

干旱和盐胁迫对华山新麦草种子萌发及幼苗生理特性的影响

模拟华山新麦草野生土壤生境特点,分别采用聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)、钙(CaCl2)以及二者混合液3种方式浸种,研究PEG-6000和Ca2+浸种对华山新麦草种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响.结果表明:3种处理下华山新麦草的种子发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数均无显著变化;但PEG-6000浸种后,华山新麦草幼苗可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量增加,蛋白酶、SOD和POD活性增强;CaCl2浸种后,华山新麦草幼苗可溶性糖含量增加,蛋白酶、SOD和CAT活性增强,淀粉酶活性降低;而PEG-6000和CaCl2混合液浸种后,华山新麦草幼苗可溶性糖含量下降,SOD活性降低,华山新麦草生长受阻.据此推测华山干旱和钙离子含量高的生境特点可能是华山新麦草种群濒危的原因之一.     

Difference in antifungal activity of morphotypes of clavicipitaceous endophytes within and between species

In a previous study, a total of 484 endophytic fungi were isolated and purified from seven populations of Achnatherum sibiricum (L.) Keng collected at six geographical locations in Inner Mongolia, China. Based on growth rates as well as morphological characteristics, the isolates were classified into five morphotypes. Among them, morphotypes A, B and C were ascribed to the same species, Neotyphodium chisosum, based on ITS sequences. Morphotype E was identified as Epichlo? amarillans. In the present study, four morphotypes, A, B, C and E, belonging to two species, were chosen for an in vitro pathogen trial. The results showed that both endophyte colonies and endophyte filtrate of all morphotypes could inhibit the mycelia growth and spore germination of the pathogen fungi tested. The magnitude of inhibition varied not only between species, but also among morphotypes of the same species. Overall, the antifungal ability of E. amarillans (morphotype E) was higher than that of N. chisosum. Within N. chisosum, the antifungal ability was highest in morphotype C, followed by morphotype A, and lowest in morphotype B. This variability suggests that different morphotypes might represent different genotypes of endophyte. The effect of endophyte infection on the host grass should be examined not only on the species level but also on the morphotype level to determine the possible interactions.