Bone grafts,bone substitutes and orthobiologics

The biology of fracture healing is better understood than ever before, with advancements such as the locking screw leading to more predictable and less eventful osseous healing. However, at times one’s intrinsic biological response, and even concurrent surgical stabilization, is inadequate. In hopes of facilitating osseous union, bone grafts, bone substitutes and orthobiologics are being relied on more than ever before. The osteoinductive, osteoconductive and osteogenic properties of these substrates have been elucidated in the basic science literature and validated in clinical orthopaedic practice. Furthermore, an industry built around these items is more successful and in demand than ever before. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the basic science, clinical utility and economics of bone grafts, bone substitutes and orthobiologics.     

Modeling the dynamics of Hepatitis C virus with combined antiviral drug therapy: Interferon and Ribavirin

A mathematical modeling of hepatitis C virus (HCV) dynamics and antiviral therapy has been presented in this paper. The proposed model, which involves four coupled ordinary differential equations, describes the interaction of target cells (hepatocytes), infected cells, infectious virions and non-infectious virions. The model takes into consideration the addition of ribavirin to interferon therapy and explains the dynamics regarding a biphasic and triphasic decline of viral load in the model. A critical drug efficacy parameter has been defined and it is shown that for an efficacy above this critical value, HCV is eradicated whereas for efficacy lower this critical value, a new steady state for infectious virions is reached, which is lower than the previous steady state value.     

抗感染活性骨治疗感染性胫骨骨不连的临床研究

目的:观察抗感染活性骨(ARBX)治疗感染性胫骨骨不连的临床效果。方法:回顾性分析我院自2008年1月-2015年1月收治并系统随访应用抗感染骨治疗的36例创伤后感染性骨不连病例,给予原内固定取出或外架拆除,病灶清除,去除硬化骨及死骨,髓腔再通,抗感染活性骨植骨,外架或钢板重新固定,统计患者病程时间,伤口愈合时间,患者院前手术次数,滴注引流时间及抗生素应用疗程,骨性愈合时间,内、外固定物拆除时间以及功能恢复情况,并总结治疗疗效。结果:平均随访2.4年(1年2月-4年10月),骨不连彻底治愈30例,4例患者感染控制,半皮质愈合,2例感染复发,骨不连未愈合。结论:1抗感染活性骨是治疗感染性骨不连的一种有效的植骨材料,具有控制感染,促进骨折愈合的作用;2彻底清除坏死,失活组织是控制感染,促进感染性骨不连愈合的关键;3清理断端,断端骨髓腔再通可促进成骨,促进骨折愈合。     

Effect of Conidiobolus coronatus on the Cuticular and Internal Lipid Composition of Tettigonia viridissima Males

Conidiobolus coronatus is an entomopathogenic fungus which has a potential as a biological control agent of insects. The cuticular and internal lipid composition of infected and noninfected Tettigonia viridissima males were analyzed by GC/MS. A total of 49 compounds were identified in the infected and noninfected males, including fatty acids, fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs), n‐alkanes, alcohols, sterols, and other organic compounds. The most abundant components of the cuticular and internal lipids of the insects were fatty acids. After exposure to C. coronatus, the cuticular lipids of the T. viridissima males contained 17 free fatty acids from C(8) to C(22), while the cuticular lipids of the noninfected insects contained only 15 fatty acids from C(12) to C(24). The cuticular and internal lipids of both the infected and the noninfected males also contained five FAMEs from C(15) to C(19), seven n‐alkanes from C(25) to C(34), five alcohols from C(16) to C(25), five sterols, and the following six other organic compounds: azelaic acid, phenylacetic acid, glutaric acid, benzoic acid, sebacic acid, and glycerol. The compounds which were present only in the cuticular lipids of the infected males could be due to fungal infection.     

镶嵌式外固定架治疗长骨骨不连17例体会

目的：探讨长骨骨不连的一种治疗方法。方法：2007年1月至2009年8月,采用镶嵌式外固定架治疗17例长骨骨不连。本组17例,男11例,女6例,年龄16-64岁,平均31岁。2例为血源性骨髓炎病理性骨折后,股骨、胫骨各1例;6例为创伤性骨髓炎后骨折不愈,肱骨1例,股骨1例,胫骨4例;9例为手术后无感染性骨不连,肱骨2例,股骨2例,胫骨5例;7例有不同程度畸形,6例有1.5-8cm骨短缩,其中2例同时行骨痂延长术。结果：全部病人均获随访,随访时间9-20个月,以1975年天津全国骨科会议制定的骨折愈合标准为依据,本组17例病人均获得临床愈合,骨不连处平均愈合时间为4～9月（平均6.2月）,1例延长8cm,另1例延长6cm。结论：利用镶嵌式外固定架治疗长骨骨不连一种简单有效的方法。     

Electron Microscopic Observation on the Infected Cells During Pea (Pisum sativum L.) Nodule Senescence

Ultrastructural changes of the infected cells have been observed by transmission electron microscopy during pea root nodule senescence. The infected cells and bacteroids of pea nodules ultimately senesce, their senescence has certain laws and features. Firstly, peribacteroid membrane were loosened, leaving a large electron-empty space with fibrillar and vesicular material. Then bacter0id cytoplasm lost features and aggregated into some clustered electron- dense material. At next stage bacteroids were structurally emtpy and appeared like “ghost” cells. Companying bacteroid senescence, host cytoplasm changed from dark to light in electron density and cell organelles gradually decreased. After the host cell tonoplasts and plasmalemma broke down, the infected cells showed a chaotic state of bacteroids and host cell debrises. Finally, infected cells disintegrated completely. Sometimes some young bacteria were seen in the intercellular spaces surrounded by degenerating cells, in the degenerating cytoplasm. A few infection threads were also found among the disintegrated bacteroids, even some of them were releasing the bacteria into the degenerating host cytoplasm.     

幽门螺杆菌(SS1)感染及其胃炎的小鼠模型

目的 :建立感染幽门螺杆菌 (Helicobacterpylori,H pylori)SS1株BALB/c小鼠感染模型 ,研究H pylori胃内定植及胃黏膜病理变化。 方法 :BALB/c小鼠胃内分别接种体外培养的H pyloriSS1株 (实验组 )或PBS(对照组 ) ,组织学方法评价H pylori定植及胃黏膜病理变化。结果 :所有对照组小鼠胃组织未见H pylori定植 ,胃组织也未见明显的炎症反应 ;而所有实验组小鼠在感染H pylori 12周后 ,胃黏膜表面的黏液层及胃小凹顶端可见大量H pylori,胃体及胃窦交界处、胃体及胃底交界处最多 ;胃组织可见到不同程度的炎性反应 ,感染H pylori 2 4周后 ,胃组织炎性反应加重。结论 :用胃内接种方法建立了小鼠H pylori感染及其相关性胃炎的模型。     

Plasmodium falciparum: Assessment of parasite-infected red blood cell binding to placental chondroitin proteoglycan and bovine tracheal chondroitin sulfate A

In pregnant women infected with Plasmodium falciparum, the infected red blood cells (IRBCs) sequester in placenta by binding to the chondroitin 4-sulfate (C4S) chains of low sulfated chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG). Placental CSPG, the natural receptor for IRBC adherence in the placenta, is the ideal molecule for studying structural interactions in IRBC adhesion to C4S, adhesion inhibitory antibody responses, and identification of parasite adhesive protein(s). However, because of difficulty involved in purifying placental CSPG, the commercially available bovine tracheal chondroitin sulfate A (bCSA), a copolymer having structural features of both C4S and C6S, has been widely used. To determine the validity of bCSA for C4S-IRBC interaction studies, we comparatively evaluated the characteristics of IRBC binding to placental CSPG and bCSA using three commonly used parasite strains. The results indicate that, in all three parasites studied, the characteristics of IRBC binding to placental CSPG and bCSA are qualitatively similar, but the binding capacity with respect to both the number of IRBCs bound per unit area of coated surface and binding strength is significantly higher for CSPG than bCSA regardless of whether parasites were selected on CSPG or bCSA. These results demonstrate that placental CSPG is best suited for studying interactions between parasite adhesive protein(s) and C4S, and have implications in understanding C4S-IRBC structural interactions.     

豌豆根瘤侵染细胞衰老过程的电镜观察

用透射电镜观察了豌豆根瘤侵染细胞在衰老过程中的超微结构变化,结果表明,侵染细胞和拟菌体的衰老有一定的规律和特征,首先是一些包裹拟菌体的包囊变得疏松,包囊和拟菌体之间出现较大间隙,间隙中常有一些纤维状和泡状物质。然后,细胞质失去正常结构,逐渐凝聚为染色很深的团块,进而完全泡状化,伴随着拟菌体的衰老,寄主细胞质染色由深变浅,细胞器逐渐减少,最后,液泡和质膜相继破裂,细胞完全瓦解,有时在衰老细胞的胞间隙,或在衰老的细胞质中有一定年轻的细菌,甚至在一片崩溃的拟菌体中还有侵染丝,有的还正在向寄主细胞质释放细菌。